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The Promise of Sociology," from The Sociological Imagination.
- People need to understand where they are from a sociological perspective within the context of history. ex. private troubles vs. public issues of the era. (divorce rate increase in 1950's)
-Social imagination is seen in whites anger over affirmative action/job loss. *Class Emphasis |
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Getting In” New Yorker magazine review of Jerome Karabel, The Chosen.
-About Ivy league admissions and teh way that the modern interview process was designed to keep jews out of Ivy league schools. *Back when princeton students were good looking. (Yale 6' +)
*selection institution- modeling agency
*Treatment Institution- military
-Princeton vs. Rutgers study
* |
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Sidewalk
-old view of sociology: more people on the street (assumed similar), the safer people felt in their environment. However, Duneier finds in sidewalk that different people make people feel unsafe: ex. Homeless people. old view not valid
diagnostic ethnography- take principles of sociology and apply them to situation you are in…like doctor diagnosing a disease
-analyzed micro-level conversations to show how people take pains to allow people to, as Goffman says, "save face"
diagnostic ethnography- take principles of sociology and apply them to situation you are in…like doctor diagnosing a disease
-diagnostic ethnography- take principles of sociology and apply them to situation you are in…like doctor diagnosing a disease
-diagnostic ethnography- take principles of sociology and apply them to situation you are in…like doctor diagnosing a disease |
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Whose Side Are We On?"
-We can never avoid taking sides. "We might distort our findings because our sympathy with one of the parties in the relationship we are studying by misusing the techniques and tools of our discipline." "What do we do in the meantime? I suppose the answersare more or less obvious.We take sides as our personal and political commitments dictate, use our theoretical and technical resources to avoid the distortions that might introduce into our work, limit our con-
dusions carefully, recognizethe hier- archy of credibility for what is is, and field as best we can the accusations and doubts that will surely be our fate. |
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Science as a Vocation
-The primary task of a useful teacher is to teach his students to recognize '***inconvenient' facts--I mean facts that are inconvenient for their party opinions. And for every party opinion there are facts that are extremely inconvenient, for my own opinion no less than for others. I believe the teacher accomplishes more than a mere intellectual task if he compels his audience to accustom itself to the existence of such facts. I would be so immodest as even to apply the expression 'moral achievement,' though perhaps this may sound too grandiose for something that should go without saying.
- We must be open to consider the validity of thoughts that challenge our beliefs. |
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Defining Scientific Research in the
Social Sciences,” in Designing Social Inquiry
-definition of scientific/sociological research
1. the goal is inference-infer something from your research
2. the procedures are public-disclose your methods so they are interpretable.
3. The conclusions are uncertain- results are imperfect, subject to further study
4. The content is the method- significance of study is how you made your findings so others can critique your research |
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Who Is Black? One Nation's Definition (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991
-the one drop rule: american phenomenon where being "a drop" black makes you completely black. Including laws: jim crow laws
-many "white-black" leaders are minimally black but make major movements.(appeal to whites and still qualify as black. ex. rev. Powell: first black power convention. ex.2 Walter White naacp president 1/64th black...***this fact was reported by W.E.B. DuBois |
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" E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century," Scandinavian Political Studies
-the more diversity, lower trust between groups as well as within groups. Opposed to old views that more diversity would mean more acceptance.
-Ethnic diversity is increasing in most advanced countries, driven mostly by sharp increases in immigration. In the long run immigration and diversity are likely to have important cultural, economic, fiscal, and developmental benefits. In the short run, however, immigration and ethnic diversity tend to reduce social solidarity and social capital. New evidence from the US suggests that in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods residents of all races tend to ‘hunker down’. Trust (even of one’s own race) is lower, altruism and community cooperation rarer, friends fewer. In the long run, however, successful immigrant societies have overcome such fragmentation by creating new, cross-cutting forms of social solidarity and more encompassing identities. Illustra- tions of becoming comfortable with diversity are drawn from the US military, religious institu- tions, and earlier waves of American immigration. |
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Ancient Judaism
-idea that ghettoes were self-segregated and idea that segregation was voluntary |
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The Ghetto. *** wirth is Cayton's mentor***
-Symbolic significance of the word ghetto
-originally a term used for self-segregated communities.
-Ghettoization: self seg.-> dislike/mistrust -> enforced seg.
-one fallacy: Frankfurt jews were kicked out by the thristians... they did not self-seg... ghettoization does exist in America, but did not exist in frankfurt. *Theory works, example is off |
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Black Metropolis,
-blacks are ghettoized by race... whereas jews became a race by self-seg/ghettoization.
-Black ghettoization was involuntary
-Cayton: first to use "ghetto" applied to blacks
-Relates jewish ghettos to black ghettos by observing that both groups are segregated by restrictive covenants. Blacks' are social whereas jews' are physical (barbed wire). |
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"Tie Signs"
-idea of "face" as currency of self-respect
-face-work=actions taken to save face during an incident ex. having poise
-basic feature of all interactions is maintenance of face
-tie-signs: ambiguous gestures that signal a relationship of some sort
ex. men holding hands=in America it's gay, in India it's friendship
-Study of Microsociology...Dunier compares Goffman to "Seinfeild" |
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"Sounding Out to the City: Personal Stereos and Management of Every Day Life"
-how do we manage our gaze in city settings?
1. where headphones-remove ourselves from situation, imply we aren't talking with anyone, give us confidence, "looking without being seen", achieve a sense of "public invisibility"
*Stereos also allow some people to see better...allows them to absorb their environment better by giving them soothing/moving soundtrack |
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"Leviathan"
-saw human nature as motivated by "diffidence, competition, and glory"...not optimistic...thinks people are naturally violent
-people can be controlled by authoritarian state...are motivated by fear of violence/death to give up some liberties in order to create society and be protected
-methodological individualism…self-interested pursuit of power…only by submitting to authoritarian control
-Hobbes sees people as self-interested, even when it is at expense of others and order |
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"The Wealth of Nations"
-uses methodological individualism…smith sees harmony as force that binds society. We are inclined to barter and socialize. Individual professions provide for others, creating a harmonious social order. Cites power of sympathy as important aspect of human nature
-"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest."
-Smith sees people as rationally self-interested |
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"The Communist Manifesto"
-See world as unfolding according to general
scientific laws
-Influenced by idea of progress, enlightment
-Marx sees class struggle as driver for change
-Marx saw capitalism as penultimate social system, to be followed by communism and society with no class
-Marx takes interventionist perspective on progress: unnatural stimulus is necessary. Someone needs to spur laborers to revolt, etc.
**This is ironic because he takes a determinist view of history
-Marx takes interventionist perspective on progress: unnatural stimulus is necessary. Someone needs to spur laborers to revolt, etc.
**This is ironic because he takes a determinist view of history
***Marx sees history as formed by weak banding together to defeat strong |
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"No Title Given"
-"social darwinism"...coined "survivial of fittest
-Spencer thought industrial society would increase production to the point that we would reach equilibrium and there wouldn’t be a need to replace the weak with the strong
-Takes laisse-faire attitude towards political and social change
***Contra Marx: believes history is moved by strong pushing out weak |
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"Democracy in America"
-saw problem with ***Individualism***- mature, calm feeling that allows a man to withdraw into himself and his circle of friends; narrowdness of concern allowing him to withdraw from society
-saw individualism as byproduct of America's breaking of the class system, which allowed people to feel secure in their ability to move across social class..IND is combated by participation in town halls, free press, and civic organizations
-Tocqueville overstates lack of class distinction (slaves?)
• Understates envy; we measure happiness in terms of relative wealth
• This idea that an individualist can exist outside the influencing institutions of society is naïve |
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"Bowling Alone"
-Civic engagement decline and atrophied after 1960
-Decline in social capital-lack of social reciprocity...hence title (based on decline in bowling league membership
-Putnam's survey on civic activity shows 44% (a lot) of 18-29 year olds not paricipating...in general, people doing nothing rose form 48%-64%
-"generational Problem"- the Civic generation existed between 1910-1940...some say service in great wars affected participation |
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