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SOC101 Exam 1 Word Answer Questions
SOC101 Exam 1 Word Answer Questions
61
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
03/01/2012

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Term
agricultural
Definition
Which of these types of society has the greatest amount of social differentiation?
Term
“we feeling”
Definition
Those societies that are gemeinschaft are characterized by
Term
status
Definition
The established position that one occupies within a social structure and that carries with it a degree of prestige is called a(n) _____.
Term
quantitative
Definition
To study the difference in academic achievement between male and female athletes, one might look at rates of graduation among university students involved in sports. This is an example of _____ research.
Term
validity
Definition
If respondents do not answer a survey honestly, the researcher has a problem with ___
Term
Independent
Definition
In the statement, “Diet determines one’s life expectancy,” diet is the ______ variable.
Term
Reliable
Definition
The gas gauge on your car is broken and always drops to empty when the tank is just half full. Although the gauge is inaccurate, it can still be said to be _____.
Term
Qualitative
Definition
The type of research that is more open for interpretation of what people do is called _____ research.
Term
SURVEY
Definition
If a sociologist wants to know how students feel about living in residence halls, the most appropriate research method to use would be _____.
Term
DEPENDENT
Definition
If research clearly established that “study time determines the grades that a student earns,” grades are the _____ variable.
Term
CONCEPT
Definition
Level of well-being” is an example of _____.
Term
GENERLIZATION
Definition
The ability to apply the findings from one study to a broader population is called _____
Term
nonmaterial culture
Definition
Classical sociologists placed the most emphasis on _____.
Term
values
Definition
The abstract standards that define the ideal principles of a society are called ____
Term
cultural hegemony
Definition
Sociologists refer to the concentration of cultural power as _____.
Term
98
Definition
Today in the U.S., about _____ percent of all homes have at least one television.
Term
popular
Definition
Mass-produced culture (e.g. popular music and films) and other parts of culture that are shared by the general populous are called _____ culture
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
Conflict theory originated in the work of ____
Term
Auguste Comte
Definition
_____ coined the term sociology and first elaborated the positivist basis of sociology.
Term
George Simmel
Definition
The early sociologist who developed the concept of “critical distance” is _____.
Term
western Europe
Definition
Sociology first emerged as a discipline in _____.
Term
macrosociological
Definition
According to the text, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber were _____ theorists.
Term
positivism
Definition
The system of thought that places a high value on scientific observation and description is called _____
Term
play
Definition
According to Mead, children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment during the _____ stage of childhood socialization.
Term
mead
Definition
The sociologist who argued that self-awareness develops as we see ourselves from the point of view of others is
Term
Internalization
Definition
Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression. This is an argument of _____.
CONFLICT THEORY

According to Mead, children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment during the _____ stage of childhood socialization.
PLAY

The sociologist who argued that self-awareness develops as we see ourselves from the point of view of others is
MEAD


Ann Lareau’s research on middle-class and working-class children illustrates
the lack of preparation working-class and poor children receive in terms of learning to negotiate through various social institutions.

Which of these statements is false from the perspective of symbolic interactionism?
Identity is something unconscious and hidden from view.

Symbolic interaction theory suggests that children learn

When young people move into adulthood and reject the religion of their youth, the influence of religion as an agent of socialization disappears.
FALSE

______ is interested in how social inequality affects the development of an individual’s identity.
Conflict theory


The media are important agents of socialization. If they present pervasive violent images, this may have the result of desensitizing children to the effects of violence and reducing sympathy for the victims.
TRUE

Which of these is not generally viewed as a consequence of socialization?
People have the capacity to act in socially deviant and harmful ways

Socialization encourages conformity with social expectations. In this way it is a form of social control.
TRUE

Socialization is the basis for identity.
TRUE



_____ occurs when behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, and they are simply accepted as correct.
Term
sensorimotor
Definition
In Piaget’s _____ stage of cognitive development, children experience the world through their senses.
Term
Groupthink
Definition
The tendency for group members to reach a consensus opinion, even if that decision is downright stupid
Term
Ritualism
Definition
Rigid adherence to rules that produces a slavish conformity, whether or not it accomplishes the purpose for which the rule was originally designed
Term
"McDonaldization of society"
Definition
the impact of the problems and peculiarities of bureaucracy on society overall (George Ritzer)
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
The most convincing explanation as to what causes risky shifts
Term
Group
Definition
A group is two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we.
Term
An out-group is
Definition
All of these choices are true.
created by the existence of an in-group.
perceived negatively by members of an in-group.
likely to have behavior interpreted in a negative way
Term
What does Ritzer believe is the danger of McDonaldization for society?
Definition
dehumanization
Term
Erwin Goffman referred to coercive organizations as:
Definition
Total institutions
Term
Total institutions were described by Goffman as
Definition
coercive
Term
"Individuals subordinated to systems of power experience stress and alienation as a result." This statement most closely reflects:
Definition
Conflict theory
Term
The PTA, the Kiwanis Club, and political parties are all examples of:
Definition
Normative organizations
Term
The Humane Society, the Kiwanis Club, and church groups are examples of _____ organizations.
Definition
normative
Term
The study of formal organizations requires _____
Definition
macroanalysis
Term
Which perspective is most likely to focus on the fact that individuals experience stress and alienation as a result of being subordinated within a formal organization?
Definition
conflict theory
Term
Overall, the primary organizational principle that motivates McDonaldization is _____.
Definition
control
Term
group
Definition
A group is two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we.
Term
Dyads & Triads
Definition
 A dyad is a two person group (stable group).  A triad is a three person group (unstable group). George Simmel (1902) discovered the group size effect; he observed how group size influences the behavior of the participants
Term
Groupthink
Definition
is group decision making that is
commonly associated with unintended and
disastrous consequences
Term
 Deindividualism
Definition
is doing together what we would
not do alone; group size and physical anonymity
influence this behavior.
Term
Normative organizations
Definition
are voluntary
organizations that people join because the
participants share the like values and moral
standards; the group activities are worthwhile.
– Ex: PTA, choirs, bull-fighting clubs, monasteries
Term
• Coercive organizations
Definition
are total institutions,
groups characterized by membership that is largely
involuntary.
– Ex: Prisons and detention centers
Term
Utilitarian groups
Definition
are large organizations, either
for-profit or nonprofit, that individuals join for specific
purposes, such as monetary reward.
– Ex: Microsoft, General Motors, The Bar
association
Term
Risky shift
Definition
is when people in a group are likely to make riskier decisions than if they are alone
Term
Merton explains types of deviance in terms of the amount of correspondence between ______ and ______.
Definition
social norms / social structure
Term
W. I. Thomas’ explanation of deviance focuses on what he called _____.
Definition
situational analysis
Term
Durkheim believed that the causes of suicide were
Definition
found in social factors.
Term
Suicide among the elderly in society best fits which of Durkheim’s types of deviance?
Definition
egoistic suicide
Term
Psychological explanations of deviance emphasize _____ as the underlying cause of deviant behavior.
Definition
individual factors
Term
Which of the following problems is an example of the medicalization of deviance?
Definition
alcoholism
Term
The actions of the hijackers involved in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks are an example of _____.
Definition
altruistic suicide
Term
The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis are both examples of which type of structural strain?
Definition
rebellion
Term
Sociologists would consider crime to be a form of _____ deviance.
Definition
formal
Term
W. I. Thomas’ explanation of deviance focuses on what he called _____.
Definition
situational analysis
Term
Which of these types of crime is not included in the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report?
Definition
illegal drug use
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