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Soc100Midterm
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144
Sociology
Undergraduate 3
07/07/2011

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Classical sociological theory
Definition
social theory as a response to the rise of society
Term
The Enlightenment
Definition
moral philosophy accompanied the rise of natural theology, age of reason, rationality of reason, social criticism and administrative social science, modernity triumphant over tradition, science over religion
Term
Immanuel Kant
Definition
ahistorical and universal categories of the mind, that experience has to be organized so it is intelligible: causality, etc.
Term
Social evolutionism
Definition
the transformation of society, how it changes/grows etc. - society is something that is essentially communicative and undergoes an evolution of its own
Term
The problems of Modernity
Definition
the socialization of the individual, the rationality of knowledge, and the legitimation of power
Term
Global difference
Definition
the difference between modern and primitive(nondeveloped) society --> other(the places that have not advanced yet) vs. metropole (cities, the colonies, modernized) --> the social evolution
Term
The sociological canon
Definition
the foundational works/classical texts of sociology --> weber, durkheim, marx
Term
Ontology
Definition
what kinds of things do or can exist in that domain and what are their conditions of existence, relations of dependency, etc. an inventory of whats included
Term
Epistemology
Definition
the theory of knowledge - distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
Term
Positivism
Definition
empiricism, scientific method, prediction = understanding, nomothetic laws, naturalism, value neutrality
Term
Hermeneutics
Definition
doctrine of meaning, anti naturalism, ideographic knowledge (or specific detailed cases), understanding requires inter subjective meanings, science is social --> study of theory and practice of interpretation --> studying what the event means to individuals
Term
Critical Theory
Definition
dialectical process of thought, in which the whole is greater than the parts, and contradictions continually appear and disappear into new synthesis
Term
Naturalism
Definition
assumes soc. Sciences can be studied in the same ways as the physical sciences and in fact the soc sciences should mimic the physical sciences as much as possible
Term
Nomothetic Laws
Definition
laws that could be applied throughout history, laws that allows us to make generalizations about phenomenon
Term
Ideographic Knowledge
Definition
history consists of idiographic events in the sense of being unique/non repeatable, individualist
Term
Empiricism
Definition
our senses are unmediated - the epistemology accepted by positivism
Term
Classical sociological theory
Definition
social theory as a response to the rise of society
Term
The Enlightenment
Definition
moral philosophy accompanied the rise of natural theology, age of reason, rationality of reason, social criticism and administrative social science, modernity triumphant over tradition, science over religion
Term
Immanuel Kant
Definition
ahistorical and universal categories of the mind, that experience has to be organized so it is intelligible: causality, etc.
Term
Social evolutionism
Definition
the transformation of society, how it changes/grows etc. - society is something that is essentially communicative and undergoes an evolution of its own
Term
The problems of Modernity
Definition
the socialization of the individual, the rationality of knowledge, and the legitimation of power
Term
Global difference
Definition
the difference between modern and primitive(nondeveloped) society --> other(the places that have not advanced yet) vs. metropole (cities, the colonies, modernized) --> the social evolution
Term
The sociological canon
Definition
the foundational works/classical texts of sociology --> weber, durkheim, marx
Term
Ontology
Definition
what kinds of things do or can exist in that domain and what are their conditions of existence, relations of dependency, etc. an inventory of whats included
Term
Epistemology
Definition
the theory of knowledge - distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
Term
Positivism
Definition
empiricism, scientific method, prediction = understanding, nomothetic laws, naturalism, value neutrality
Term
Hermeneutics
Definition
doctrine of meaning, anti naturalism, ideographic knowledge (or specific detailed cases), understanding requires inter subjective meanings, science is social --> study of theory and practice of interpretation --> studying what the event means to individuals
Term
Critical Theory
Definition
dialectical process of thought, in which the whole is greater than the parts, and contradictions continually appear and disappear into new synthesis
Term
Naturalism
Definition
assumes soc. Sciences can be studied in the same ways as the physical sciences and in fact the soc sciences should mimic the physical sciences as much as possible
Term
Nomothetic Laws
Definition
laws that could be applied throughout history, laws that allows us to make generalizations about phenomenon
Term
Ideographic Knowledge
Definition
history consists of idiographic events in the sense of being unique/non repeatable, individualist
Term
Empiricism
Definition
our senses are unmediated - the epistemology accepted by positivism
Term
Frederick Engels
Definition
Son of a german industrialist, collaborated & $$ to Marx starting 1844, translated/edited Marxs work after his death, Major works: the condition of the english working class, anti-duhring, the dialectics of nature, the origin of the family
Term
Empiricism
Definition
(positivism) - unmediated sense - experience- the collection of facts and observations (qualitative and quantitative data) evidence to base your conclusions
Term
Kantianism
Definition
categories of the mind
Term
Dialectics
Definition
the science of the general laws of motion, both of the external world and of human thought --> the world is a complex process, state of flux/change, uniterrupted change of coming into being and passing way
Term
The Three Principles of Dialectics
Definition
unity of opposites, transformation: quantity <--> quality, negation of the negation: preservation of insigts and contributions from history
Term
G.W.F. Hegel
Definition
idealism, reason embraced the total universe, dialectical approach to realisty, everything is ruled by reason and the ideas of dialectics, the initial forms of thins are not their "true forms" but rather their negative condition which only transforms to its true form after the negativity is overcome -- therefore given facts are temporary/partial truths
Term
Alienation
Definition
leads to the dehumanization of man -- strips individuals of their human powers and turns them to animal ways, humans have species specific powers (creative intelligence) - to avoid starving man must sell their labor power because they have been separated from their means of production and alienated from their property
Term
Species-being
Definition
we don’t always do things out of necessity, different needs and powers dependent on time and place in history - species specific powers and being
Term
Materialism
Definition
mode of production of material life conditions the general process of soc/pol/intel life
Term
Idealism
Definition
the consciousness of men determines their social being
Term
Materialist conception of history
Definition
social being determines social consciousness --> the mode of production(economic) creates the cultural superstructure
Term
Forces of production
Definition
includes: tools, resources, labor, technology, raw materials --> allow society to create a surplus of goods beyond what is needed to survive, the development of this suplus gave rise to classes, a particular class tries to take and expropriate this surplus --> these determine the relations of production
Term
Relations of production
Definition
property relations between classes - those who produce the surplus and those who own and control it
Term
Mode of production (Economic Base)
Definition
together relations and forces combine to make the mode of production which determines/conditions what can arise within the cultural superstructure
Term
Cultural superstructure
Definition
general process of social political and intellectual life --> law, religion, morality, philosophy, ideology, art, the state, education, etc.
Term
Class
Definition
class is defined by the ownership of property and production -- the relationship among individuals
Term
Class-for-itself
Definition
individuals occupying similar positions become involved in common struggles; a network of communication develops, and they thereby become conscious of their common fate. It is then that individuals become part of a cohesive class that consciously articulates their common interests.
Term
Class consciousness
Definition
becoming aware of the existence of a class for it self that has different wants and desires from the ruling class
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
capitalists, owners of the modes of production
Term
Proletariat
Definition
working class/laborer
Term
The state
Definition
an instrument of class rule --> an instrument of exploitation of wage-labor by capital
Term
Religion
Definition
the illusions created by the oppressed/proletariat to comfort - people seek meaning and happiness in the divine hereafter rather than the human world (religion is an opium)
Term
Dominant ideology
Definition
set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics. The dominant ideology is understood in Marxism to reflect, or serve, the interests of the dominant class in that society
Term
False consciousness
Definition
the systematic misrepresentation of dominant social relations in the consciousness of subordinate classes
Term
Ludwig Feuerbach
Definition
left-hegelian, elaborated the enlightenment view of religion as an "illusion", the divine is a symbolic expression, god is a creation of the human imagination, humans unconsciously project their ideals unto hypothetical beings
Term
“vulgar Marxism”
Definition
codified dialectical materialism - economic determinism with alleged determination of the ideological superstructure by the economical infrastructure
Term
Feudalism
Definition
landlord exploited the peasants under his control by seizing a portion of their produce but the workforce retained direct contact with the means of production (land). Societies naturally pass from feudalism to capitalism before the inevitable emergence of the socialist society
Term
Asiatic mode of production
Definition
stationary character: the absense of private ownership of land, autonomous village communities, public water/irrigation etc in control of central gov
Term
Oriental despotism
Definition
system in which all power was centralized in the hands of the emperor, the political sovereign and the absolute landlord. Absolute power of the Emperor
Term
Capitalist mode of production
Definition
process that separates the producer from his means of production & subsistence while placing those means under the exclusive control of the capitalist
Term
Manufacture (hand production)
Definition
increasingly complex division of labor - each laborer does one simple operation -- hand production on massive scale employed by one and the same capitalist
Term
Factory system (machine production)
Definition
worker has increased productivity - capitalist desire for a productive process that is continuous and uninterrupted, worker becomes an appendage to the machine
Term
The Communist Manifesto
Definition
jointly written by Marx and Engels which describes their belief that capitalist society will eventually be replaced by socialism and then communism, presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and present) and the problems of capitalism
Term
deviance
Definition
unifies society by reaffirming social norms within the large group, the source of change, reinforces norms, people who have a negative association, violation of norms bring te community together, unify.
Term
Morality
Definition
a nonmaterial social fact, principles between what is considered right and wrong
Term
Collective conscience
Definition
the conscious shared by individuals making up a society, the general understanding of shared beliefs, encompasses the norms/values/beliefs of society
Term
Collective Representations
Definition
smaller component of collective conscience that is easier to be connected with actual icons/rituals/etc
Term
Social Currents
Definition
produced in public gatherics, the widespread feeling
Term
Functionalist analysis
Definition
what is that function serving - what is something functional for - way of relating part and whole - ex: the body's organs, what function does this particular institution have for the social whole, determine the purpose and role in maintaining society as a whole
Term
The Division of Labor
Definition
a material social fact involving the degree to which tasks or responsibilities are specialized. Distinguished two types of society/solidarity
Term
Mechanical solidarity
Definition
with little or no division of labor. People are unified because they are all generalists, carry out same activities, share strong common morality, collective consciousness
Term
Repressive sanctions
Definition
visible, fear, deterrent, bodily, mechanical -- larger consequences
Term
Organic solidarity
Definition
coherence is achieved by differentiation. Free individuals pursuing different functions are united by their complementary roles, links the individual to society and outlines the belief system shared by all individuals in society
Term
Restitutive sanctions
Definition
reparations, fines, organic
Term
Suicide
Definition
suicide rates are the result of social currents
Term
Egoistic suicide
Definition
lack of integration into society, the individual only acting on the bases of self interest, needs of individual cannot be met
Term
Altruistic suicide
Definition
society importance above their own - ex: suicide bombers
Term
Anomic suicide
Definition
normless. Society is not regulated. Regulated powers of society disrupted, shared values/norms disrupted which leads to situation of anomie (normlessnes), lack of constraining power over the individual
Term
Fatalistic suicide
Definition
over regulation - Ex slaves
Term
Sacred vs. Profane
Definition
dichotomy between the sacred and the profane to be the central characteristic of religion. the sacred represented the interests of the group, especially unity. The profane involved mundane individual concerns. Durkheim explicitly stated that the dichotomy sacred/profane was not equivalent to good/evil
Term
Social origins of classification
Definition
primitive peoples classifications reflect their social organization
Term
Social facts
Definition
social structures, cultural norms, and values of society that external to and coercive of actors
Term
Sui generis
Definition
"of its own kind." sociological explanation of social fact by other social facts
Term
Material social facts
Definition
real material entities, structural, forms of technology/written legal codes/ style of architecture, morphological components
Term
nonmaterial social facts
Definition
internal to the social actor, consciousness, beliefs, norms, values
Term
Morphological Components
Definition
distribution of population, channels of communication that exist, housing arrangements
Term
Methodenstreit
Definition
"battle over methods." series of debates on what would be the appropriate methods to the study of history and in the context of this debate economics
Term
Nomothetic
Definition
history composed through general laws, neoclassical school
Term
Ideographic
Definition
history composed of idiosyncratic events in the sense of being unique and non repeatable, individual
Term
Verstehen
Definition
"understanding." interpreting social life, must understand the phenomenon as well as the subjective motivations that actors hold that explain their actions, derived from hermeneudics
Term
Value relevance
Definition
relevant to our values, should be left out of the classrooms, values will enter in at the begininning of research - subjectivity
Term
Causality
Definition
A causes B - the focus of positivists, an evenet will be accompanied or followed with another event
Term
Objective possibility
Definition
probabilistic statements about relationships between social phenomen, given A we have a degree of probability that B will happen
Term
Social action
Definition
subjective meaning that humans attach to their actions and interactions within specific social contexts
Term
Ideal type
Definition
individuality and generality - analytical construct that serves as a construction of certain elements of reality into a logically precise conception - does not necessarily exist in reality but rather serves as a way to research and link conditions that brought about the event
Term
Power
Definition
the probability of an individual or group to realize theor own will in communal action, even against the resistance of others
Term
Class
Definition
defined by commodity or labor maket (in the marketplace), by life chances, and economic interests
Term
Status group
Definition
status based on the consumption of goods and honor
Term
Party
Definition
organizations striving for a goal in a planned manner. They are associations of people that attempt to influence social action. Since they are concerned with achieving some goal, they are in the sphere of power
Term
Instrumentally rational action
Definition
action which are determined by expectations about the properties of objects and the human beings that the actor encounters - calculating cost/benefit - technocratic thinking
Term
Value-rational action
Definition
action which are determined by the conscious belief in the value of a type of behavior regarless of likelihood of success
Term
Affective action
Definition
action which are determine by the actor's feelings, emotions, attachments, etc
Term
Traditional action
Definition
action which are determined by action habit, unthinking, almost automatic behavior in response to everyday stimuli
Term
Domination
Definition
subset of power voluntary compliance or obedience
Term
Authority
Definition
belief of domination as legitimate gives power and establishes authority
Term
Legal-rational authority
Definition
empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law (rationality). Obedience is not given to a specific individual leader - whether traditional or charismatic - but a set of uniform principles
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
hierarchy, spheres of competence, written documents, specialized training, impersonal rules, vocation --> EX OF LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY
Term
Traditional authority
Definition
Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status quO
Term
Gerentocracy
Definition
rule by elders
Term
Partriarchalism
Definition
within a group that is usually organized on both economic and kinship basis (ex: household) authority is exercised by a particular individual who is designated by a definite rule of inheritance
Term
Patrimonialism
Definition
authority rests on the personal and bureaucratic power exercised by a royal household, where that power is formally arbitrary and under the direct control of the ruler
Term
Asceticism
Definition
the avoidance of pleasure - rational methodical - campaign against temptations of the flesh and external things, against the irrational use of wealth
Term
Unanticipated consequences
Definition
through their actions the protestant ethic developed by the Calvinist had the unintended consequence of developing the economic ethos of capitalism
Term
World Rejecting Asceticism
Definition
One whose attitude is that participation in the wordly activities may be regarded as an acceptance of these affairs, "leading to an alienation from God." - formal withdrawl from the world for salvation
Term
Innerworldly asceticism
Definition
a path of salvation that requires "participation within the institutions of the world but in opposition to them" according to the individual's own sacred religious dispositions and his qualifications "as the elect instrument of god."
Term
Charismatic authority
Definition
a leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual.
Term
Routinization of Charisma
Definition
orders are traditionalized, the staff or followers change into legal or “estate-like” (traditional) staff, or the meaning of charisma itself may undergo change.
Term
Formal Rationality
Definition
universally applied rules, laws and regulations that characterize organizations/action
Term
Rationalization
Definition
means to an end calculations, efficiency, predictability, nonhuman technology, control of uncertainty, irrational consequences, systematic form of development
Term
The Protestant Ethic
Definition
explained that the Protestant ethic was an important factor in the economic success of Protestant groups in the early stages of European capitalism; because worldly success could be interpreted as a sign of eternal salvation, it was vigorously pursued.
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
people have a duty to fulfill the obligations imposed upon them by their position in the world - each legitimate calling has the same worth. developed the moral justification for worldly activity
Term
The Protestant ethic
Definition
necessity for hard work as a component of a person's calling and worldly success and as a visible sign or result (not a cause) of personal salvation.
Term
A “calling”
Definition
the task set by god
Term
Spirit of capitalism
Definition
Calling by God to work and prosper and put it towards good use – invest, purchase and acquire more capital – accumulation of capital that is central to capitalism thus the economic ethos is developed by worldly activity
Term
John Calvin
Definition
introduced the theological doctrines which combined with those of Martin Luther to form a significant new attitude toward work
Term
Calvinism
Definition
changed the spirit of capitalism, transforming it into a rational and unashamed pursuit of profit for its own sake - pushed the doctrine of God's grace to the limits of the definition: grace is a free gift, something that the Giver, by definition, must be free to bestow or withhold.
Term
Doctrine of predestination
Definition
god is an omniscient being so god already knows who is going to heaven and who is going to hell – so it is already predetermined – the elect (those going to heaven) the damnation (those going to hell) à since this is predestined it is inevitable there is nothing individuals can do to ensure their salvation
Term
Formal sociology
Definition
forms or types of formal interaction, frameworks that structure social interaction
Term
Dialectic of fashion
Definition
something is developed as fashionable and unique it gets popular and then it becomes undermined --cycle of fashion
Term
Social geometry
Definition
because it is focused on both numbers and distance
Term
Numbers
Definition
number of individuals involved
Term
Distance
Definition
proximity, how you share norms, values
Term
Sociation
Definition
interaction
Term
Dyand and Triad
Definition
considers the mere number of participants in a group – how that will effect the content of the group itself. Quantitative changes In group size will have qualitative affect on the groups
Term
The stranger
Definition
import qualities that cannot stem within the group itself, more objective, not radically initially part of the group, not as biased, higher level of objectivity for individual equal openness (receive confidence that would be withheld with a more closely related person)
Term
“social distance”
Definition
a person who is neither too close nor too far in social distance
Term
Blasé attitude
Definition
matter of factness, direct result of the intesnification of nervous stimulation, indifference, money becomes the common denominator of all values
Term
Secrecy
Definition
one’s person intent of hiding something and another person’s intent to reveal, full revelation is not possible, people can INTENTIONALLY reveal info about themselves or lie and conceal, only larger groups are able to produce and maintain secrets
Term
dyand
Definition
depends only upon the two participants involved. each of the two participants is confronted by only one or the other, withdrawal of one participant will destory the entire group
Term
triad
Definition
one individual is able to mediate the other two, dividing ruling strategy: two vs. one, simplest structure in which they can turn on each other (domination)
Term
subjective vs objective approach
Definition
objective: cultural artifacts that have already been produced (ex: laws, organization, philosophies, etc) -subjective: the individual capacity to produce
Term
philosophy of money
Definition
a dialectical approach, value; the value of money is contradictory and dual... in order for something to be valuable it can be too easy or too difficult to acquire. money creates distance between people and objects, but it can also contribute to bringing people together. quality dissolves into quantity
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