Term
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Definition
| The portrayal of an entity or process provided by a model, simulation or federation. Representation is the process for determining what characteristics and attributes of real world entities or situations are needed for modeling and simulations. |
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Term
| Why should I care about systems representation? |
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Definition
A simulation’s validity and effectiveness is directly related to the accuracy of the individual systems being modeled.
Within a distributed simulation environment, a given system’s characteristics may differ across the various databases being employed.
While work-around solutions can be employed to “fix” problems stemming from inaccurate or incomplete models, these fixes may produce unintended consequences within the simulation. |
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Term
| What are the three categories of systems? |
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Definition
Systems use - what type of system / element in a simulation.
System’s operating environment - where the system operates
Physical ownership - who controls the system. |
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Term
| What are multi-state objects? |
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Definition
| Mission space entities that express a changing state (in attribution and visual display) as the simulation progresses (e.g.,damage to structures, changes in vegetation, damage system representations, etc.). |
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Term
| What are some external moderators of human behavior? |
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Definition
| temperature, cognitive workload, fatigue, noise and vibration. |
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Term
| What are some internal moderators of human behavior? |
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Definition
| attitude, training, personality and intelligence. |
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Term
| What is organizational modeling? |
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Definition
A model in which each actor is modeled, as well as some of the factors and procedures that link actors together.
The focus is on issues such as overall troop movement, C3 functioning, etc. |
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Term
| In aspects of the natural environment in M&S - what are two issues? |
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Definition
| Limited areas of the world available for simulations and unrealistic natural environments in legacy systems. |
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Term
| What is live training environment? |
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Definition
| Train individual, crew, and team with real and true environments. |
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Term
| What is vitual training environment? |
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Definition
| Train individual, crew, and team in realistic, but simulated environments. Drawback, virtual sickness, no fear factor, negative human response and trash in/trash out. Benefit is cost savings. |
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Term
| What is constructive training environment? |
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Definition
| Used to training BN above staff. Utilizes simulated people and simulated systems. Benefits is you can train a distributed staff, cost benefits, exercise large staff, generate stats and conduct analysis. Down side is that they are hard to link together, planning and preparation intensive. |
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Term
| When was the first recorded M&S? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is interoperability? |
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Definition
Interoperability is the ability
of at least two simulations to communicate. Interoperability is like making an international phone call. Both the technology (hardware)
and the language (software) must be compatible. |
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Term
| What is M&S interoperability? |
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Definition
| The ability of a model or simulation to provide services to and accept services from other models and simulations, and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together. |
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Term
| What are the types of interoperability (3)? |
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Definition
-Interoperability between Mission Command systems (MCIS).
-Interoperability between simulations
-Interoperability between MCIS and simulations |
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Term
| Where does interoperalbity between simulations occur? |
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Definition
| At the Simulation Centers. It is the responsibility of the MTC to ensure interoperability. |
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Term
| What was the first networked virtual simulation environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Distributed Interactive Simulations (DIS)? |
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Definition
| A means of linking simulators and simulations in an interactive environment. DIS is based on the concept of common Protocol Data Units (PDUs). |
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Term
| How many message types are associated with DIS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a protocol data unit (PDU)? |
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Definition
| The PDU is a standard format, or packet of information that reveals what is happening in each simulator or simulation. Each one contains specific information in a standard order. The first block represents what the object is and the other blocks represent attributes about that object. |
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Term
| What is the benefits of DIS? |
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Definition
| No single point of failure. If one system goes down, it only effects that one system. Effective to link systems together. It runs in real time only. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of DIS? |
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Definition
| Runs in real time only and full broadcast, which is band width intensive. Lastly, there is only 55 pre-defined message types. |
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Term
| What is high level architecture (HLA)? |
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Definition
| HLA is a structural approach to simulation design that enables linkage between live, virtual, and constructive simulations. HLA is the official technical standard for simulation interoperability in DoD. It is the architecural design to link simulation systems. |
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Term
| What is HLA designed to do? |
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Definition
| HLA coordinates and links live, virtual, and constructive simulations for training and other purposes. Assists in the interoperability between the different types of simualtions. |
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Term
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Definition
-No single, monolithic simulation can satisfy the needs of all users.
-All uses of simulations and useful ways of combining them cannot be anticipated in advance.
-Future technological capabilities and a variety of operating configurations must be accommodated. |
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Term
| What was HLA designed for? |
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Definition
| Reuse of models and simulations. |
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Term
| What are the 3 elements of HLA? |
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Definition
HLA Rules
Interface Specification
Object Model Template (OMT) |
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Term
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Definition
An entity (e.g., person, organization, system) in the domain being simulated that:
-Is of interest to more than one simulation.
-Is handled by the Runtime Infrastructure (RTI). |
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Term
| Three components of an oject? |
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Definition
| attribute, parameter and interactions |
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Term
| What is an oject attribute? |
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Definition
| A named datum (defined in Federation Object Model) associated with each instance of a class of objects (example is fuel, weapon inventory) |
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Term
| What is an object parameter? |
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Definition
| A named datum (defined in Federation Object Model) include each time an interaction is sent (specific interaction). Things like a weapons blast area, the distance a vehicle will go on a tank of fuel, the maximum engagement capability ect. |
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Term
| What is an object interaction? |
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Definition
| A non-persistent event generated by one federate and received by others (through RTI). |
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Term
| What is an ojbect model template (OMT)? |
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Definition
| Document that list everal ojects in a simulation and lists all paramters, attributes and interactions. Maintained by the simulation developer and provided by the PM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of simulations, a common federation object model, and supporting RTI, that are used together to form a larger model or simulation |
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Term
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Definition
A member of a federation; one simulation (or a simulation tool) with one point of connection to RTI:
-Could represent one platform, like a cockpit simulator
-Could represent an aggregate, like an entire national simulation of air traffic flow. |
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Term
| What is the runtime infrastructure (RTI)? |
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Definition
RTI provides a set of services which are used by federates to coordinate their operations and data exchange during a runtime execution. RTI is connecting software. The RTI, the only software component of HLA, coordinates information and accounts for and modifies the data, including information like ownership, timing, and the servicing of various objects
Coordinates and passes information between federates. |
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Term
| What does the simulation object model (SOM) do? |
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Definition
| The SOM acts as an advertisement of a simulation’s capabilities. It is a listing of all the objects, attributes and interactions in a particular simulation that can be shared. |
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Term
| What is Federation Object Model (FOM)? |
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Definition
| An identification of the essential classes of objects, object attributes, and interactions that are supported by an HLA federation. A contract-like document that accounts for the information to be shared between the member federates and specifies the manner in which object will share information. It lists exactly what the group of simulations contains as well as their performance capabilities. |
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Term
| What document is used to write the runtime infrastructure (RFI)? |
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Definition
| FOM - Federation Object Model |
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Term
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Definition
-A combined Army/ARPA effort.
-Birth of distributed simulation.
-Prototype for large-scale computer training simulation in DoD. |
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Term
| What is multi-resolution modeling (MRM)? |
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Definition
| Multi-resolution modeling (MRM) allows representation of the real world at more than one level of detail. Can operate down to different levels (BN and Soldier) and vice versa. Transitions betwee the two levels. |
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Term
| What is Test and Training Enablling Architecture (TENA)? |
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Definition
| Designed to link live and simulated range systems. The Test and Training Enabling Architecture (TENA) supports the rapid, reliable, decentralized and collaborative development of applications for large-scale, high-performance, distributed, real-time and embedded systems. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) uses TENA for distributed testing and training, combining the use of real sensor systems with data from virtual and constructive simulations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set of functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the theory that assumes that we can understand system behavior by studying the elements and their interaction. |
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Term
| What is the systems structure. |
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Definition
| The elements of a system and their interactions define the system structure. The more elements we distinguish in a system, and the more interactions between them, the more complex is the system structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Every system is part of a larger system, or a super system, while every element of a system may be also viewed as a system, or a subsystem, by itself. By gradually decomposing an object into smaller parts and then further decomposing those parts into smaller ones and so on, we give rise to a hierarchy. |
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Term
| What are the two types of hierarchy? |
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Definition
| Linear and Network Heirarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| Boundaries - distinguish the system from the outside world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variables - Quantities that change the system. They may be individual elements or a piece of the system. The engine, the fuel or the people responsible for operating that piece of equipment. They are fluid and have determinations built in that provide something that is different within the system that can make it perform better or worse than another system. |
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Term
| What are control functions? |
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Definition
| Parameters that are allowed to change so that we may observe the impact on the system. Taking the governor off of a tank will allow it to go faster than 45 mph and change the performance of the simulation. |
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Term
| What are forcing functions? |
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Definition
| Forcing Function - The outside world and its effect on our system. We allow for changes and observe how they do or do not impact our system. External in nature and change over time, they do not respond to changes within our system. Our targeting is affected by the weather not vice-versa |
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Term
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Definition
| Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System that is fielded to the battery, battalion and higher echelon and operated by fires officers. It provides fire support information and coordination to the COP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Air and Missile Defense Workstation and is fielded to brigades and higher. I is operated by the S2 section and the AD community. It provides enemy air information to the COP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Battle Command Common Services. It is fielded at the brigade and higher echelons and is operated by the S6 or G6. It is the deployed stack that provides a unit all its enterprise services, such as outlook and shared point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Battle Commander Server is a component of the BCCS and provides the interoperability in the TOC for all the ABCS systems. It has the DDS, which is the "bulletin board" for all information contained in the separate ABCS systems. It is how information gets disseminated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Battle Command Sustainment Support System is deployed at the Battalion and higher level and is operated by the S1/S4 sustainment. Provides sustainment information to the COP and assists in the management of logistics and personnel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Joint Battle Command Platform. It replaced the FBCB2 and BFT. It is deployed from the platform to the Division level and provide friendly manuever information into the COP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactical Airspace Integration System. Deployed at the BDE and higher level. It is operated by the G3/S3 AVN community. It provides a tool for air space de-confliction and friendly air information to the COP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactical Mission Command Work Station. Combines CPOF and MCS (Maneuver Control System) and it what provides battalion and above the COP. CPOF also provides commanders and staff the tool to conduct remote briefings. Each WfF operates the CPOF IOT maintain their portion of the COP. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an attempt to simplify the real world. A map is a common example. |
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Term
| What is a physical model? |
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Definition
| A model whose physical characteristics resemble the physical characteristics of the system being modeled. Example is a M-16 rubber duck. |
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Term
| What is a mathematical model? |
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Definition
| A symbolic model whose properties are expressed in mathematical symbols and relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Models the processes performed by a system. |
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Term
| Computer images are composed of what two types of components? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A flat plane figure with multiple sides, the basic building block of virtual worlds. The more polygons a computer can display and manipulate per second, the more realistic the virtual world will appear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A "picture element,” that refers to the smallest visual unit in an image on a computer display. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accuracy of the representation when compared to the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of detail and precision used in the representation of real world aspects in a model or simulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simulation involving real people operating real systems. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of live simulations? |
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Definition
| realistic training, factors in the human variable, allows you to experience capabilities and limitations. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of live simulation? |
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Definition
| Large resources requirements, safety hazards, and maneuver damage. |
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Term
| What is virtual simulation? |
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Definition
| A simulation involving real people operating simulated systems. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of virtual simulations? |
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Definition
-Have various degrees of equipment realism.
-Enable performance of high risk or expensive tasks.
-Less costly, no fuel, ammunition, repair parts.
-No negative environmental impact. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of virtual simulations? |
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Definition
-No fear factor.
-May cause negative human response.
-May cause virtual sickness. |
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Term
| What is constructive simulations? |
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Definition
| Simulations that involve simulated people operating simulated systems. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of constructive simulations? |
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Definition
-Generate statistics.
-Perform analysis.
-Predict possible outcomes.
-Stress large organizations. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of constructive simulations? |
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Definition
-costly to use and takes a lot of preparation time.
-can be difficult to link with other simulations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of technology employing commercial or government off-the-shelf, multigenre games in a realistic, semi-immersive environment to support education and training. |
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Term
| What are the benefits of gaming? |
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Definition
-Can enable individual, collective, and multi echelon training.
- Can operate in a stand-alone environment or be integrated with live, virtual, or constructive enablers |
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Term
| What is a Monte Carlo Simulation? |
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Definition
| The use of computer simulation to obtain approximate solutions to mathematical or physical problems, especially in terms of a range of values, each of which has a calculated probability of being the solution |
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Term
| What is deterministic simulation? |
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Definition
| A simulation that does not contain any probabilistic (i.e., random) components. |
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Term
| What is a stochastic simulation? |
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Definition
| A collection of random variables ordered over time, which are defined on a common sample space. |
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Term
| What is distributed simulation (DS)? |
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Definition
| Connected simulations, sharing information through state-of-the-art communication systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Several things grouped together or considered as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
The reduction of larger, complex entities into their smaller
constituents, simpler entities. |
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Term
| What makes up the backbone of the lower TI system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the upper TI backbone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Quantities that change from system to system. |
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Term
| What is a object model template (OMT)? |
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Definition
| Document that has all the objects in a simualtion and their atribute, parameters and interactions. |
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Term
| What are the three things that we try to replicate in a model? |
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Definition
1) Systems
2) Human and Organizational Behavior
3) Environment |
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Term
| What are the three types of models? |
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Definition
1) mathematical
2) process
3) physical |
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Term
| What type of traffic does JTEN send and receive? |
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Definition
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