1803 – 1850

•      Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent

•      Westward Expansion

•      War with Mexico

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Gold Rush

•      Created an organized system for settlement of government lands in the Northwest Territory

•      Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

•      60,000 people

•      An existing form of self-government

•          Economic:

–           New land for farmers

–           New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)

–           New opportunities to start a business

•    Political

–   Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories

–   Expansion of slavery

•    Social

–   Removal of Native Americans

Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons

The United States government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans

•      Causes:

–     President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)

Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

•      Effects and Impact

–     Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war

•      Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California

–     United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845

•      Louisiana Purchase

•      Mexican Cession

–     New Mexico, Arizona, California

•      Gadsden Purchase

•      Oregon Territory

•      Alaska Purchase

–     Seward’s Folly

•      loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole

•      Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free States

•      States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska

Cities: Washington, D.C.

•      Gold in California

–     Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American Indians off their lands; population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood

•      California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean

–     Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations

•      Rocky Mountains

Location between eastern and western parts of the United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods from East to West

·       Protective Tariffs

·       Increasing divide between north and south

·       Manufacturing Society v. Plantation Society

·       Kansas – Nebraska Act

Missouri Comprise

·       Secession

·       Slavery and states’ right

·       Abraham Lincoln

·       Confederate States of America

Union

·     1862: Antietam

·     1863: Gettysburg1861: Fort Sumter, South Carolina

·      

1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court Hous

·       North- high tariffs help the industrial North by making their prices more competitive against cheap imports; had most of the nation’s manufacturing

·       Northern response – Northerners liked tariffs because it caused Americans to buy American-made products by increasing the cost of European imported manufactured goods

West – the West backed government spending on internal governments such as new roads and canals, and they were financed bytariffs

South – the South, which had little industry and imported most non-agricultural goods, saw high tariff as a burden imposed by the more industrialized and populated north. Sold most of their cotton to foreign buyer’s on credit.

Southern response- Southerners opposed tariffs because the South’s main trade partners were European nations. High tariffs on raw materials forced the south to sell their materials for low prices, while higher price for the products they purchased from their European trade partners

Southern plantation system – relied on slavery; slaves had no property and no rights

Northern industrial economy- slave trade abolished in north; large population

This unit addresses the cultural aspects of the United States history during the 19^th century.

* In addition, it addresses the reform movements of the mid-1800s, including public education, temperance, prison reform, care of the disabled and women’s rights.

* Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the abolition movement.

Sectionalism and Civil War

·      North

·      Illegal since the Revolution

·      Abolitionist societies and newspapers and Underground Railroad

Many were ambivalent to the plight of slaves/free blacks

Sectionalism and Civil War

·      South

·      Economic factor –slaves viewed as property and labor supply

·      Maintain a way of life

·      Considered a states’ rights issue

Fugitives

Sectionalism and Civil War

·      West

·      Fight over whether or not to extend slavery into the territories

Maintain balances of the free and slave states in the Senate

•         Sponsored by Henry Clay

•         Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state

•         Allowed Maine to enter as a free state

•          Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

•          In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

−        Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

−        South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

−        Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

−        To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

The Government lowers the tariff and backs

•         Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

•         In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

−       Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

−       South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

−       Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

−       To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

−       The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Compromise of 1850

•         Sponsored by Henry Clay

•         Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)

•         The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)

•         Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC

•         Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)

•         INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law

−       Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)

•        Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty

−     That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave

•        South Carolina Senator

•        Favored states’ rights

•        Led opposition in South Carolina to the protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

•      Senator from Kentucky

•       known as “The Great Compromiser” for his ability to smooth sectional conflict through balanced legislation

•      Sponsored the Missouri Compromise in 1820

•      Admitted Missouri as a slave state

•      Admitted Maine as a free state

•        Senator from Massachusetts

•        Known as “The Great Orator”

•        Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Henry Bessemer

·       Bessemer Steel Process

·       Mass Production of steel

·       1855

·       Transportation

Agriculture

Robert Fulton

·       The Clermont

·       Steamboat

·       1807

·       Cotton Gin

·       Machine to separate fibers from seeds

·       1793

Agriculture

·       Mechanical Reaper

·       Machine to harvest grain

·       1831

Agriculture

·      Interchangeable parts

·      Process to produce  parts that meet specifications so it can be used in any machine

·      1798

Agriculture, Transportation, communication, household

·      Steam Engine

·      Engine to pump water

·      1769

Transportation

·      Steel Plow

·      Cast-steel plow

·      1837

Agriculture

·      Steamboat

·      First successful trial of steam boat

·      1787

Transportation

·      Telegraph

·      Process of transmitting signals over wire

·      1837

Communication

·      The Tom Thumb

·      First American built steam locomotive

·      1830

Transportation

·      Spinning Jenny

·      Made thread

·      1764

Household

·      Locomotive

·      Engine that used high pressure steam

·      1764

Transportation

·       First  water powered textile mill

·       Mill that hired whole families and divided work in to tasks (Rhode Island System)

·       1790

Household

·       Linked Lake Erie to Hudson river

·       1825 (completed)

Transportation

·       First highway built by federal government

·       1839 (completed

Transportation

·       Improved movement of goods and services

·       1764 (First US)

Transportation

·       Sewing Machine

·       Machine could use 2 different thread sources

·       1845

Household

·         This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.

·         Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·         Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

·       Philadelphia Convention 1787

·       Great Compromise

·       3/5s Compromise

·       Federalist and Anti-Federalist points of view

·       Federalist Papers

Bill of Rights

Writing of the United States Constitution

Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states

Issue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

·       1689

·       Limited the power of the King

·       Listed individual rights of the people that could not be taken away by the King

This document influenced the United States’ Constitution Bill of Rights

·       1620

·       Written by the Pilgrims

·       An agreement that established majority rule and self-government

·       The Pilgrims pledged to remain loyal to Great Britain

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

A series of essays written against the United States Constitution.

·        Feared a strong central government

·        Felt the Constitution lacked protection for individual rights

Written by: Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry

1.     States’ rights (a result of a strong fear of a tyrannical leader)

2.    Confederation of states with equal voice in Congress

Congress had power to make war and peace, sign treaties, raise an army and navy, print money, and set up a postal system

1.      No national taxes – no way to raise national money to pay an army, navy, or other national interests; had to ask the states for money which was often ignored

2.      No federal court system – no way to settle disputes between the states

3.      Lack of a strong federal government – reduced ability to settle disputes over state boundaries

4.      No power to regulate commerce – arguments about taxes on goods that crossed state borders

5.      No federal leader – no Executive to lead the country

Limited military = no protection

An armed rebellion of farmers in Massachuestts led by Daniel Shays.

Showed that the government could not keep order and a stronger form of national government was needed

Supporters of the United States Constitution.

Argued for a stronger national government.

Under the Articles of Confederation the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

Wanted to go beyond the stated powers of the Constitution.

Used the “necessary and proper” clause to justify forming a National Bank that was necessary and proper for the United States economy to develop.

Served as a delegate from New York at the Constitutional Convention.

Leading member of the Federalists

Known as “the Father of the Constitution”

Helped write the Federalist Papers with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton

Authored the first 10 Amendments (the Bill of Rights) to compromise the Anti-Federalists

Against the Constitution

Argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues

Kept the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government

Believed that the Constitution should protect individual rights

Was so opposed to the idea of a stronger national government that he refused to attend the Philadelphia Convention because he “smelled a rat”

From Virginia

Had been an influential leader against England with his “Give me liberty, or give me death!” speech.

Leader of the Anti-Federalists. Believed in the need to restrict governmental power and supported protection of individual rights.

Served as a delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention.

Made over 130 speeches against the Constitution.

1^st – Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, and Petition to the Government

2^nd – Bear Arms

3^rd – No quartering troops during times of peace

4^th – search and seizure

5^th – due process of law; not to be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy); right not to testify against yourself

6^th – right to a speedy and public trial

7^th – right to a trial by jury in civil trials

8^th – right not to have excessive bail and/or punishment

9^th – rights of the people

10^th – rights left to the states to decide

1620-1691 -Plymouth Colony – self-governing, with each congregation independent and electing its own pastor and officers

*17^th century-Mass. Bay Colony – democratic in that they elected ministers and other officials; church closely tied to state government

*1631-Roger Williams founded Rhode Island; 1636 church and state separated

*1681-1776 – Penn’s Frames of Government guaranteed religious freedom to all settlers in Pennsylvania

*1689 – Toleration Acts; Maryland is founded for Catholics

*1791 – Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of religion from government interference

·      Americans have the right to worship however they choose

·      The government does not have the right to interfere with religious beliefs

Sets up for official separation of church and state

Judges are appointed for life making them independent of executive control.

Article II of the Constitution

System that does not allow anyone branch of the government to have too much power.

Example: the President can veto legislation passed by Congress; Congress can override the veto. The Senate confirms major appointments made by the President, and the courts may declare acts passed by Congress unconstitutional

All political power rests with the people.

The people can create, alter, and abolish government.

People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is deemed necessary by the people to bring the document up to date.

Congress or state conventions can propose an amendment.

It then goes to the states to be approved.

An amendment must have a 2/3 vote of Congress or state conventions and a ¾ vote of the states to be approved.

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

Freedom to associate

Freedom of assembly

Right to property

Involvement in a community

Those with civic virtue go a step beyond their obligations by taking an active role in improving the community in the experiences of other members of the community.

•      Abolition

•      Women’s Rights

•      Education

•      Care of the Disabled and Mentally Ill

•      Prisons

•      Temperance

Leading African-American abolitionist,

accomplished orator and writer

•      Key spokesperson for the 19^th century women’s suffrage movement

•      Suffrage – right to vote

•      Leader of the 19^th century women’s suffrage movement

•      Called for the first convention of women’s movement in Seneca Falls

•      Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention

•      Political: began the fight for suffrage

•      Social: allowed women to be successful in other fields

•      Economic: fought for women’s rights; they were able to get the work day reduced to 10 hours a day

•      Abolitionist movement worked to end slavery

•      1807 – Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then demand began to end slavery

•      1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists grew in number

•      1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist leaders Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation; The Underground Railroad began to make an impact and the Women’s Movement joined in

•    Public Education

•      Opening of public schools

•      Primarily in the North as well as        private grade schools and colleges

•      By churches and other groups

•      Art – Landscapes

•      John James Audubon

–    Drew American wildlife

Hudson River School Artists

•      Their paintings depict the American landscape and reflect three themes of America in the 19^th Century:

•      Discovery

•      Exploration

•      Settlement

Albert Bierstadt; The Oregon Trail

MUSIC

Slave spirituals and gospel music

“Battle Hymn of the Republic”

•  Written at the beginning of the Civil War

•  Used music from the abolitionist song, “John Brown’s Body”

Became a popular Civil War song of the Union Army

•  Still a well-loved patriotic anthem

Literature

–   Mark Twain

–   Samuel Langhorne Clemens (real name)

–   American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),^[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel."