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Definition
• Organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic social needs
• Examples: Family, religion, education, politics, economy |
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| • A social institution that unites people in cooperative groups for purposes of reproduction and mutual care |
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| o a household composed of parents, children and other kin |
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| o A household composed of one or two parents and their unmarried children |
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| multiple spouses, one at a time |
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• More than one spouse at the same time
• Polygyny (more than one wife)
• Polyandry (more than one husband) |
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| • Tracing kinship though father’s relatives |
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| • Tracing kinship though mother’s relatives |
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| • Tracing kinship through both father and mother |
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| • Men dominate family decision-making |
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| • Tracing kinship though mother’s relatives |
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| • Men and Women equally share family decision making |
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| Highly-centralized system with extensive regulation of people’s lives |
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| Power given to people as a whole |
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| o The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed |
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Definition
• Private ownership of property
• Pursuit of personal profit
• Competition and consumer choice |
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Definition
• Collective property ownership
• Pursuit of collective goals
• Government control of the economy |
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Definition
| • The ability to exercise one’s will over others |
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Definition
source of power
Actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one’s will on others |
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| Exercise of power through a process of persuasion |
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| Institutionalized power perceived as legitimate by people |
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| • Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice |
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| • Power made legitimate by people’s belief in the exceptional personal qualities of a leader |
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| • Power made legitimate by law |
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Definition
| • Practice of marrying within one’s social category or group |
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Definition
| • Practice of marrying outside one’s social category or group |
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Term
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Definition
| • A social institution that provides general explanations of existence, including the terms of exchange with the supernatural |
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Definition
o statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
o Islam: Muhammad received the Koran from God
o Christianity: Jesus is the Son of God
o Hinduism: karma (cause and effect) |
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| o Practices required or expected of members of a faith |
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• The feeling or perception of being in contact with the supernatural
• Sense of peace, speaking in tongues, convulsions |
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Definition
| o The social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure |
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Definition
| • The practice of assigning students to different types of education programs |
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Term
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Definition
| • Subtle socialization of pupils into dominant ideology of society |
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Term
| teacher-expectancy effect |
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Definition
| A teacher’s expectations influence the actual achievements of the student |
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Definition
| o The social institution through which power is acquired and exercised |
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Definition
| Single family rules from generation to generation |
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| System that denies popular participation in government |
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Definition
| Power in political systems is widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups |
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Definition
| Power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites and the masses are relatively powerless |
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Definition
| • Small ruling elite of military, business, and government leaders who control the fate of U.S. |
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| The process by which individuals learn political attitudes, values, and behavior |
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Definition
| • The transformation of culture and social institutions over time |
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Definition
| o People in the same place behaving in a similar way but without organized direction, Examples: mobs, riots, panics |
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Definition
| o Collective behavior among people spread out over a wide geographic area, Examples: fads, fashions |
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Definition
| o An organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action |
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Term
| stages of a social movement |
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Definition
• Emergence
o Identify a problem
o Leader
• Coalescence
o Goal
o Slogans
o Publicity
o Growing membership
• Institutionalization
o Formal organization
o Paid leaders
o Policies
• Decline
o Resources dry up
o Succeed
o Reborn? |
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Term
| relative deprivation theory |
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Definition
| o Social movements arise among people who feel deprived of something |
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Term
| resource mobilization theory |
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Definition
| • To succeed, social movements must mobilize key resources |
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Term
| new social movement theory |
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Definition
| • Social movements in postmodern society are motivated less by economic concerns than by concerns regarding values/ideology, identity, and quality-of-life issues |
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