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soc exam 1
section 2
28
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2006

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Term
Sociology as a science, science is making...
Definition
1.rational-logical, no emotions/feelings. 2. emperical-verifiable evidnce based on experiement and proof. 3. generalizations-no stereotypes. 4.to explain social/natural phenomena. 5.to predict the future
Term
scientific attitude
Definition
1. objectivity-never claims absolute truth. 2. fallibility/refutibility- any sscientific theory should be debated. 3. self criticism. 4. open to peer review/evaluation-not accepted without approval from scientific community. 5. community of knowledge-everything is shared/nothing is private.
Term
how is social science different from natural science?
Definition
1.measurement problems-natural science has accurate measurements ie height weight, you cannot measure happiness/freedom. 2. generalization problems- there are universal laws ie water boils at... in social science things change. 3.explanation problems-human behavior has many differnt motives/causes. 4. prediction problems-animals are very predictbale and have lived the same way for thousands of years. 5.experimental limitations-humans cannot be experimented on without consent and they know when they are being experimented on
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
theory-research
Term
inductive research
Definition
research-theory
Term
theory
Definition
statement about a relationship between two or more concepts
Term
hypothesis
Definition
tentative statement about how to test a theory
Term
concepts
Definition
mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified way.
Term
variables
Definition
measurable form of a concept whose values change from case to case
Term
opoerational definition
Definition
the way researchers observe and measure a concept
Term
operationalization
Definition
process of converting abstract concepts into empiracally measureable variables
Term
validity
Definition
are you measuring what you really want to measure?
Term
reliability
Definition
if you repeat the same study will you get the same result?
Term
causation
Definition
one variable causes the other to change
Term
spurious correlation
Definition
apprent relationship between two variables is meaningless ie-wine=longer life------ses
Term
3 conditions for correlation to be causation
Definition
1.must be substantial correlation 2.X must precede Y in time. 3. correlation must not spurious/explained by a third factor
Term
independent variable
Definition
assumed to influence/change dependent variable
Term
dependent variable
Definition
explained by independent variable
Term
intervening (control) variable
Definition
held constant to test spurriousness of correlation
Term
typical research procedure
Definition
1.identify problem/select topic 2.review literature (make sure you dont repeat study) 3. formulate hypothesis 4.choose research design/method 5.collect data 6.analyze data 7.draw conclusion
Term
quantitative anaylysis
Definition
uses numbers
Term
quantitative anaylysis- secondary analysis
Definition
you use someone elses data/ do not collect your own
Term
quantitative anaylysis- experiments
Definition
study relationship between two variables under carefully controlled conditions
Term
experiemnt- control group/experimental group
Definition
control group- is not exposed to stimuli/same as experimental group experimental group-exposed to stimulus
Term
advantages and disadvantages of experiments
Definition
advantage-effective for testing hypothesis, and you have control over experimental design

disadvantage- cannot experiment with large groups of people... hawthornes effect-people know they are being experimented with and behave differently.
Term
Qualitative research
Definition
interviews/description/recordings... no #s!
Term
observational study- detatched/participant
Definition
detatched-you cannot relate to test subject/dont paricipate

participant-participate/live/work with subjects
Term
advantages and disadvantages of observational study
Definition
ad-high validity-what you see is reality

dis-cannot direction observe large population ie-OH vs CA??
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