Term
| Piagets Cog Development Theory |
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Definition
-psych structures are assumed to be established at roughly similar ages by all children to form qualitatively different stages of development
-3 major inborn tendencies:
1.adaption: tendency to adjust to the demands of the environment
2.organization: tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into coherent systems or bodies of knowledge
3.schema: organized pattern of thought or action that a child constructs to make sense of some aspect of their experience |
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Term
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Definition
-assimilation: the process by which children interpret new experiences by incorporating them into their existing schemes
-accommodation: process by which children modify their existing schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
-equilibrium: use already existing schemes to interpret reality
-disequilibrium: trying to resolve discrepancy between environment and present schemes |
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Term
| sensorimotor stage (substages) |
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Definition
1.Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2)
-major accomplishments: object permanence, intentional/goal directed behavior, beginnings of play and imitation
-6 substages
1.Reflexive activity
-formation and modification of early schemes based on reflexes such as sucking, looking, and grasping (no attempt to look for object that disappeared)
2.Primary Circular Reactions
-repetition of behaviors that produce interesting results centered on own body (no attempt to look for object again)
3.Secondary Circular Reactions
-repetition of behaviors that produce interesting results in external world (search for objects partially hidden or dropped from view)
4.Coordination of Secondary
-combo of action in order to achieve goal (search for completely hidden objects
5.Tertiary Circular Reactions
-experimentation with diff actions to achieve same goal or observe outcomes (ability to follow visible displacements of objects)
6.Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations
-thinking through of potential solutions to problems and imitation of absent models (ability to follow invisible displacement of objects) |
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Term
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Definition
2.Preoperational (2-7)
-characterized by rapid gains in symbolic representation as reflected by language development, make-believe play, and pictional representation
-key feature of childs thought is semiotic functioning (childs ability to use symbol, object or word to stand for something)
-limitations:
-egocentrism
-inability to solve problems flexibly and logically
-errors on conservation tasks:
-centration: focus on 1 aspect of problem and exclude
all other info
-reversibility: ability to mentally reverse/negative
action or transformation |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
-children enter this stage when they begin to be able to solve conservation tasks correctly
-child now capable of thinking logically when the stimuli are physically present
-child is less egocentric and is becoming more of true thinker |
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Term
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Definition
4.Formal Operational (11-15)
-child thinking logically and abstractly
-capable of hypothetical reasoning
-can solve problems without seeing them |
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Term
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Definition
-extended and elaborated on Piaget
-cog development proceeds through invariant sequence of stages that Piaget described
-soc development parallel cog development and its stages
-soc development can be described in terms of change that occurs in child self-concept |
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Term
| social experience point of view |
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Definition
| -look at role of social experience as contributor to role-taking ability and to improvment in understanding others |
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Term
| Attributional/Soc Info Processing Perspective |
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Definition
-children need to decide where causes of behavior lie
-young childrens tendencies |
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Term
| self esteem and self concept |
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Definition
self esteem: evaluation of the self, pos vs neg evaluation
self concept: what are the important aspects of the self |
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Term
| Harter Self-Perception profile for children |
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Definition
-measure global self-esteem and also self-perceptions in 5 areas:
1.scholastic competence
2.social acceptance
3.athletic competence
4.physical appearance
5.behavioral conduct |
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Term
| Authoritative vs Authoritarian Parenting |
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Definition
Authoritative:
-parent comes across as expert at what they are doing
-provides explanations and rationale for disciplinary practices and beliefs
-leaves room for childs independence and asertiveness
Authoritarian
-loses cool a lot more
-no explanations for disciplinary practices and beliefs
-no room for childs independence and asertiveness
-imposes will on child
-more prone to get physical with child |
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Term
| development of public self-consciousness |
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Definition
-parallel betus findings about high public self consciousness and low self-esteem individuals
-getting high achievement demands from parents
-over protective parenting
-excessive authoritarian discipline
-parents reject child |
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Term
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Definition
| -well-organized conception of self-values, beliefs, goals to which person is solidly committed |
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Term
| developmental course of self-esteem |
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Definition
-decline over early elementary school years, compares elf to others
-grade 4 to adolescence, rise in self-esteem (except for transition into middle school)
-after puberty, steady increase in self-esteem |
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Term
| controversy over identity crisis |
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Definition
| -is there such a thing as identity crisis or is it just exploration? |
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Term
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Definition
-intro: prefer own perspective rather than other peoples
-imaginary audience: take other perspectives but think everyone else is watching them, struggle for "audiences" approval
-personal fable: feels like they have gone through experiences others have not
-invincibility fable: feels invincible |
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Term
| Marcia's Identity Statuses |
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Definition
1. Identity Diffusion (Maladaptive)
-dont have much direction
-dont commit to goals or try to reach them
-never explore alternatives
2. Identity Foreclosed (Maladaptive)
-committed to values/goals w/o exploring alternatives
-accept already made identity from others in their life
3. Moratorium
-havent made any definite comittments yet
-in process of exploration
-trying to find values/goals to guide your life
4. Identity Achievement
-already explored alternatives
-made commitment to self-chosen goals/values
-sense of psychological well-being |
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Term
| developmental trends with identity |
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Definition
-many slow to reach identity achieved
-gradual sometimes uneven changes and moves to stable identities |
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Term
| characteristics of identity achieved |
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Definition
-high self-esteem
-ideal actual self
-moral reasoning
-less self conscious
-more capable of abstract and critical thinking |
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Term
| adolescents who are stuck in foreclosure or diffusion with adjustment difficulties |
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Definition
-inflexible/intolerant
-diff of opinion is a threat
-afraid of rejection by people they depend on for affection |
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Term
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Definition
-may be lacking in support from families, peers, school
-may join cult or extremist group |
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Term
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Definition
-least mature in identity development
-highest risk: depression and suicide |
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Term
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Definition
myths:
-warning signs?
-talking about it helps ~ it WONT cause it
clues/indicators someone serious about suicide:
-giving away prized possessions
-statement of threat of suicide
-school performance drops
-change in habits
-increased reckless behavior
-males more likely to succeed
-neg life experiences |
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Term
| Emotional Development Milestones |
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Definition
newborn
-discriminates moms face, voice, and smell
-expresses interest, disgust, joy and sadness
-smiles during REM
1 month
-displays "fussy cry"
3 month
-smiles at caregiver
-distinguishes among anger, surprise, stimuli
4 month
-expresses anger and laughter
7 months
-expresses fear
18-24 months
-dislpays guilt, shame and envy
3-4 years
-smiles more to same sex peers
6-7 years
-understands that emotions fade with time
10-12 years
-understands the possibility of feeling two emotions at once |
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Term
| types of crying in infants |
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Definition
(Wolff)
-hungry
-mad/angry
-pain
-cri du chat (cat-cry)
-cries of at risk/difficult babies |
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Term
| techniques to reduce crying |
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Definition
-hold baby so they see over your shoulder
-feed baby
-swaddling approach |
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Term
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Definition
-infants attach at 6 to 8 months
2 types:
emotional:
-fear emerges as dominant reaction b/c memory is better
-sets stage for stranger anxiety, separation anxiety
physical:
-6 to 8 month old babies begin to crawl
-can crawl toward caretakers |
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Term
| strange situation procedure episodes |
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Definition
-observer introduces mom and baby to room
-mom stays back while baby explores
-stranger enters
-1st separation
-1st reunion
-2nd separation
-continuation of 2nd separation
-2nd reunion |
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Term
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Definition
1.Type B: Securely Attached ~ 65%
-baby feels secure enough to explore freely
-displays distress when primary caretaker leaves
-glad to see primary caretaker on return
2.Type A: Anxious Avoident ~ 20%
-very little distress when primary caretaker leaves
-avoid primary caretaker when they come back after separation
3.Type C: Ambivalent-Resistant ~ 10%
-shows distress throughout procedure, especially during separation
-when primary caretaker returns ~ displays anger and relief
4.Type D: Disorganized Disorder ~ 5%
-no coherent pattern to strange situations procedure
-freezes in position, unusual posture and positions
-commonly seen in abused infants |
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Term
| Antecedents/Determinants of Attachment |
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Definition
Maternal Responsiveness
-sensitivity
-bodily contact
-synchrony: mesh actions with baby
Father Data
-sensitivity
-playfulness ~ secure attachment
-interaction quality |
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Term
| 3 areas with greatest genetic influence in temprament of child |
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Definition
1. sociability
2. emotionality
3. activity level |
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Term
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Definition
(Thomas and Chess)
easy child
-eat regularly
-happy
-listen
-new event in pos. way
-mild response to stimulation
difficult child
-less regular body functioning
-slow to regularly eat and sleep
-neg reactions to change
-cry a lot
-irritable
-highly responsive to stimuli
-once adapted ~ happy about it
slow to warm-up
-"passive resistors" ~ when fed, slowly drool it out
-once adapted ~ positive one |
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Term
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Definition
-has effects on attachment
-some say make kid aggressive other dont believe so
cog effects:
-only big impact on lower SES kids ~ improved cog development and resources
-kids middle class and up have little effects |
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Term
| risks of daycare are not great when... |
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Definition
-day care arrangement is a good one
-parents still spend quality time with kid
-mom and dads employment status ~ matches to their attitudes toward jobs etc
-other stressors kept in check |
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Term
| what to look for in a day care setting |
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Definition
-clean, well lighted, well ventilated environment
-toys and equipment are appropriate
-caregiver-child ratio
-daily activities
-interaction among adults and kids
-caregiver qualification
-relationship with parents
-licensing and accreditation |
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Term
| attachment models in adults |
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Definition
-model will effect how they interact with their children which will effect the childs security of attachment to you
1.Secure Attachment: comfortable with their parents methods, speak freely about them
2.Detached: relationship with parents didnt shape them, gloss over experiences, tip toward neg experience
3.Enmeshed: got inconsistent parenting, role-reversed parenting (kids step-up), still struggling with parents |
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Term
| preparing child for short separations |
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Definition
-no big deal ~ but small explanation
-short separations with relatives and friends (**Inoculation Technique)
-Transition Objects |
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Term
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Definition
Vygotsky:
-thought language was more important
-private speech major means children guide and control their own behavior
-private speech was inherently social
Piaget:
-saw private speech as egocentric |
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Term
| zone of proximal/potential development |
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Definition
-range of tasks child cannot do alone but can do with help of adults and more skilled peers
-gradually children are encouraged to assist themselves |
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