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Based on Halloween, participant observation study with 663 participants and had them keep journals focused on costumed and events
Findings: Halloween causes people to break with social norms, overplayed racial stereotypes, portrayals of stereotyped ethnic groups, its acceptable and justified on Halloween |
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| Observer takes part in the act they observe |
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| Non-participant Observation |
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| unknown to participants, do NOT interact with subjects, be as aloof as possible |
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| focus on your sense of person's motives, intentions, meanings, context, and circumstances of action |
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| report on act you're observing (bare bones) |
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| Erikson - Everything in its path |
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| visited appalachian community affected by disastrous flood in 1972 and did direct observation of the repair the community went through |
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| Nathan - Freshman year study |
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| became a college freshman for a year to understand what it means to be a college student today |
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| Complete Participant Role |
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| being, or pretending to be, a genuine participant in a situation one observes |
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| Raymond Gold Typology of Research |
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Complete Participant - they don't know you're observing, you are participating entirely
Participant as Observer - participant but ppl know you're observing
Observer as participant - occasionally participate but primarily observe
Complete Observer - observer with no interaction |
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| The point where new interviewees or settlings look a lot like interviewees or settings one has observed before |
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| a non-probability sampling procedure that involves selecting elements based on the researcher's judgement about which elements will facilitate his or her investigation. |
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| Gaining Access - Lynn Loftland |
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Connections - who you know
Learn About Subject - knowledge
Accounts - explaining your interest
Courtesy - appreciation |
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| someone who can get a researcher into a setting |
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pen and paper
recording device
record in memory and write down after the fact |
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| an approach to studying society and culture that employs images as a data source |
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| Advantages/disadvantages for observation techniques |
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observation techniques:
can eliminate interviewer effect
understand how others experience life
save money
too subjective/ can be bias based on observers reports
can violate subjects trust |
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reliability
observations
measurements
non-random sample
demand characteristics |
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| Comparing Context of Immigrant Homicides in Miami |
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Are new latino immigrants more prone to violent crime?
used existing stats from miami pd to study crime rates
they found this is not true |
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| data that are easily accessible to the researcher |
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| summaries of data collected by large organizations |
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| research that have been collected by someone else |
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| data that the same researcher collects and uses |
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| the fallacy of making inferences about certain types of individuals from information about groups that might not be exclusively composed of those individuals |
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| physical evidence left by humans in the course of their everyday lives |
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| indicators of a population's activities created by its selective wear on its physical environment |
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| indicators of a population's activities created by its deposits of materials |
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| indicators of interactions, events, or behaviors, whose creation ford not affect the actual data collected |
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| records of private lives, such a s biographies, letters, diaries, and essays |
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| available data - advantages and disadvantages |
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saves time and money
questionable reliability
might not find data that you want
danger of committing the ecological fallacy |
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What should be included in the American Literary Canon?
focused on 5 minority groups
had the argument of an inverted pyramid:
civil rights movement - changes to academia - 2 lit. movements - changing expectations |
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| quantitative content analysis |
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| analysis focused on the variable characteristics of communication |
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| the units about which information is collected |
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| units of observation - disney study |
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| the units from which information is collected |
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| qualitative data analysis |
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| content analysis designed for verbal analysis |
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| a set of techniques used to analyze images |
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| content analysis- pros/cons |
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saves money and time
unobtrusive
avoids ethical dilemmas
question of validity |
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| Needs assessment of incarcerated women in ecuador |
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| did a needs assessment based on their housing, education etc. and received a gift bag of toiletries in return. Found women experience hardships during incarceration that would be unconstitutional in the US. Majority of women reported their basic needs were not being met. |
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| how does applied research differ from basic research |
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| applied research is designed for future application vs. basic research intended for furthering your understanding |
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types of research:
evaluation
outcome
cost-benefit analysis
cost effective analysis |
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evaluation - designed to assess impact of programs/policies
outcome - sum up effects of policies/laws in accomplishing the intent of the program
cost-benefit - compares a program's cost to its benefits
cost-effectiveness - comparison of program cost in delivering desired benefits |
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| an analysis of whether a problem exists, its severity, and an estimate of essential services |
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| people or groups that participate or are affected by a program or its evaluation |
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new programs:
formative analysis
process evaluation |
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formative- evaluation research focused on the design or early implementation states of a program or policy
process eval. - research that monitors a program or policy to determine if it is implemented as designed |
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| a testable expectation about an independent variable's effect on a dependent variabl |
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| agreement between a study's conclusions and what is actually true |
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| assigning observations to categories |
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| statistics used to describe and interpret sample data |
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| statistics used to make inferences about the population from which the sample was drawn |
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| analyses about one variable |
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| analyses about two variables |
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| analyses of relationships between multiple variables |
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| measure of central tendency for nominal level variables |
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| measure of central tendency for interval level variables |
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| measure of central tendency for ordinal level variables |
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| a way of showing the number of times each category of a variable occurs in a sample |
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| an interval level variable that has one or a few cases that fall into extreme categories |
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| measures that provide a sense of how spread out cases are over categories of a variable |
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| a measure of dispersion designed for interval level variables |
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| accounts for every values distance from the sample mean |
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| qualitative data analysis - strengths and weaknesses |
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| steps of qualitative data analysis |
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| data collection and transcription |
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| anticipatory data reduction |
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