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Definition
| The process by which we act toward and react to people around us. |
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| An organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships. |
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| A collection of social statuses that an individual occupies at a given time. |
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| A social position that a person is born into. |
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| A social position that a person occupies in a society. |
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| A social position that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily. |
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| An ascribed or achieved status that determines a person's identity. |
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| The conflict or tension that arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently. |
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| The behavior expected of a person who has particular status. |
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| The actual behavior of a person who occupies a status. |
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| The different roles attached to a single status. |
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| The frustrations and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses. |
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| The stress arising from incompatible demands among roles within a single status. |
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| The study of how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make everday interactions possible. |
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| A technique that examines social interaction as if occurring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the audiences with whom they interact. |
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| The perspective whose fundamental premise is that any social interaction between two people is based on each person's trying to maximize rewards and minimize punishments. |
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| Messages that are sent without using words. |
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| Messages that are sent without using words. |
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Definition
| Two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity and a sense of belonging or "we-ness". |
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| General traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than case. |
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| People who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders. |
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| People who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, and other characteristics different from those of an in-group. |
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| A collection of people who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes. |
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Definition
| A tendency of in-group members to conform without critically testing analyzing , and evaluating ideas, that results in a narrow view of an issue. |
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| A web of social ties that links an individual to others. |
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| A complex and structured secondary group that has been deliberately created to achieve specific goals in an efficient manner. |
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Definition
| A formal organization created by people who share a common set of interests and who are not paid for their participation. |
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Definition
| A formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks through the efforts of a large number of people in the most efficient way possible. |
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| A feeling of isolation, meaningless, and powerlessness that may affect workers in a bureaucracy. |
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| The tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people. |
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| A collection of attitudinal or organizational biases in the workplace that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions. |
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| An organized and established social system that meets one or more of a society's basic needs. |
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| Behavior that violates expected rules or norms. |
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| A negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self-concept and social identity. |
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| A violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by public law. |
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| Researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. |
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Definition
| A method of gathering data that involves interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims. |
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| Acts that violate laws but involve individuals who don't consider themselves victims. |
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Definition
| The techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society. |
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Definition
| Punishments or rewards for obeying or violating a norm. |
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Definition
| The condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. |
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| The idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals. |
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| Illegal activities committed by high-status individuals acting solely in their own personal interest. |
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| White-collar crimes committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies. |
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| White-collar crimes that are conducted online. |
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| Activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit. |
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Definition
| The hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to valued resources, such as property, prestige, power and status. |
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Term
| Open Stratification System |
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Definition
| A system that is based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down. |
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Term
| Closed Stratification System |
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Definition
| A system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as one's sex, skin color, and family background. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of people who have a similar standing or rank in a society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources. |
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| The money and other economic assets that a person or family owns, including property and income. |
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| Respect, recognition, or regard attached to social position. |
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Definition
| The ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition. |
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Definition
| An overall ranking of a person's position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation. |
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Definition
| Lavish spending on goods and services to display one's social status and to enhance one's prestige. |
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Definition
| People who work at least 27 weeks a year but receive such low wages that they live in or near poverty. |
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Definition
| People who are persistently poor and seldom employed, segregated residentially and relatively isolated from the rest of the population. |
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Definition
| The extent which people have positive experiences and can secure the good things in life because they have economic resources. |
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Definition
| Not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life. |
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Definition
| Not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living. |
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Definition
| The biological characteristics with which we are born. |
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Definition
| Learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other. |
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Definition
| A perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine. |
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Definition
| Expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex. |
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Definition
| An attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. |
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Definition
| People's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources as a result of their sex. |
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Definition
| The overall income difference between women and men in the workplace. |
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Definition
| Any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with her or his work. |
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Definition
| A preference for sexual partners of the same sex, or the opposite sex, or of both sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex. |
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Definition
| Those who are sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex. |
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Definition
| Those who are sexually attracted to members of both sexes. |
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Definition
| Those who lack any interest in or desire for sex. |
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Definition
| Those who are transsexuals, intersexuals, or transvestites. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality. |
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Definition
| The minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| An array of direct subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for business. |
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Term
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Definition
| Workers who sell their labor for wages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who own the means of production and can amass wealth and power. |
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Definition
| A belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well rather than on the basis of their ascribed status. |
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Term
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Definition
| The functionalist view that social stratification has beneficial consequences for a society's operation. |
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Term
| Intergenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| Moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents. |
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Term
| Intragenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| Moving up or down the class hierarchy over a lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving up or down the class hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's ability to move up or down the class hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features, that are passed on through reproduction. |
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Definition
| A set of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic roots, food, customs, traditions and or religeon. |
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