Term
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Definition
-the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes
-combines three different concerns- studies the relationship politics, environment and economics policies, environments and economic situations. |
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Term
| Essentialist view of Nature |
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Definition
| -the claim that this particular understanding of bio physical reality is a representation of the absolute truth of this bio-physical reality. No social construct |
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Term
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Definition
| -there is a biophysical reality, however the concept of nature itself is applied to the biophysical world as a socially constructed concept generated from ones culture, so there is not one definable term for nature |
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Term
| Bio-physical reality (Escobar's "natures") |
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Definition
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Term
| Nature (Escobar's "natures") |
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Definition
| the differing ways that we as a society portray and conceptualize biophysical reality |
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Term
| *Discuss* what anthropologists can do to address climate change |
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Definition
-Anthropologists can help us understand the ways in which various peoples and cultures perceive environmental change.
-can help figure out how to present climate change in such a way that people will most likely be motivated to change their behavior and engage it
-It in essence can help examine that divide between biophysical reality and nature. And within that how nature is understood as a social entity
-From there anthropology can work to promote its particular cultural essentialization and work form there |
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Term
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Definition
| The essence of an object is captured only by showing it simultaneous through multiple points of view. Flammable had anthropologist/sociologist from different backgrounds collaborating on the study |
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Term
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Definition
-Connection between perception of time and relation to the environment
-Immobilization through waiting
-Fear of the future
-They want to write a book about suffering taking place across time. How is time part of suffering |
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Term
| Capitalist (Escobar's Nature Regimes) |
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Definition
-nature that can be commodified, with a financial value attached and profited from and exploited.
-management of nature; it can be rationalized understood and measured mostly through "new ways of seeing" like landscape painting, microscopes, telescopes etc.
ex. Logging rights in New Mexico, extraction of oil, exploitation of resources |
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Term
| Technocratic (Escobar's Nature Regimes) |
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Definition
-Genetically modified nature
-the kind of nature that cannot only be exploited by but indeed created by humanity
ex. breeding, cloning, new radioactive elements |
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Term
| Organic (Escobar's Nature Regimes) |
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Definition
-Humanity and nature are interconnected. To directly use natural nature for health purposes
ex. Chewong people-human spirit in all living entities |
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Term
| Is development part of the problem or part of the solution to deforestation in Honduras (or both)? |
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Definition
Both
-Development funding has led to a export based capital boom leading to further extraction of resources.
-Development can benefit Government if it is able to stabilize economically, while encouraging and regulating environmental conservation |
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Term
| What political and economic factors have led to deforestation in Honduras? |
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Definition
-Honduran government is in billions of dollars in debt. Economic interventions based on short term profits, but not the environment
-Extremes of wealth and extremes of poverty. A boom in cotton, then cattle allowed a political elite to seize large amounts of land then force the poor people off it. Then exacerbate resources: cultivate through lumbering or agricultural practice
-Government created environmental protection codes like for lumber but has failed to enforce them, benefiting the leading social class |
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Term
| *Discuss* how you think anthropologists should engage in environmental politics, if at all. |
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Definition
-Environmental Anthropology is particularly effective in relating to and gaining understanding of cultural diversity in community settings, and intercultural/intersect oral conflict, thus lending itself to applied endeavors that involve collaboration among diverse interest groups for the common good.
-Applied anthropology utilizes understandings of environmental degradation and cultural awareness to work with people on a local basis as well as trying to satisfy share holders working to gain a resolution for problems related to health, education, social welfare, development and environmental protection
-A good Environmental Anthropologist will utilize his/her understanding of the culture at hand to represent the locals to the political and economic elite in hope of promoting both human rights and environmental conservation |
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Term
| What are some social and environmental effects of copper mining in Papua New Guinea? |
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Definition
Social:
-Sacred site was destroyed
-Worsening nutrition
-Increase in crime, prostitution, and stds
-Increase in alcoholism contributed to that
-Moved the economy from subsistence based(self-reliancy and sufficency through agricultural) to a wage based economy thus more economically competitive and classist
-Region became militarized
-disproportionate and unjust profiting
Environmental:
-Less focus on environmental sustainability as economy moves further from agricultural
-copper mining produced acidic and other chemical run off into the river and water supply that killed wildlife
-cyanide spill lead to further contamination
-land cleared for mine
-around 10 percent of the rainforest was destroyed |
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Term
| Escobar's pluralization of "nature" |
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Definition
-Distinctions between the bio-physical reality vs social constructions of nature.
-The bio-physical reality exists outside of our heads, but not the nature as a social construct.
-These ideals get categorized under his 3 regimes of nature: Capitalist, Technocratic, Organic |
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Term
| *According to Escobar, how should biologists and anthropologist interact? |
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Definition
-Biologist can describe the bio-physical to anthropologists
-Anthropologist can critique the way in which the bio-physical is discussed within the social realm |
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Term
| *Can you put Escobar’s definition of political ecology in your own words? |
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Definition
| -Political ecology looks at the way politics and the social world have engaged with and represented the bio-physical world and beyond this |
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Term
| *What does Escobar mean by “articulations of history and biology”? |
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Definition
| -The way in which the biophysical world has shaped history, and how history has shaped the bio-physical world |
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Term
| *Which forms of nature is Escobar most optimistic about? |
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Definition
“Hybrid natures might constitute for these groups an attempt to incorporate multiple constructions of nature in order to negotiate with translocal forces while maintaining a modicum of autonomy and cultural cohesion. They might allow social groups to introduce some diversity into their political strategies for engaging with the dominant.” pg. 13
-This would result in a concern to be more environmentally conservative
-Concern to be more environmentally sustainable
-Increase the importance of local knowledge
-Give more representation and power to the locals thus more rights
-The end/future result would be the acknowledgment that these natures are socially constructed and thus the definitions choice is flexible. We should therefore engage with these strategies using them in such a way that we can empower our citizenry for the social good of all. |
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Term
| Escobar suggests that studying each of the three regimes of nature will require three different methodologies. What are they? |
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Definition
Capitalist- Have to study in terms of historical materialism
Organic-Have to study through the anthropology of local knowledge
Technocratic- Study from the perspective of science and technology studies |
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Term
| * Discuss what anthropologists can do to address climate change. |
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Definition
-Help us understand the way in which various cultures perceive environmental change. i.e. confusion
-Educate locals on environmental issues of climate change, in relation to their specific environment, through language consistent with their conception of the bio-physical
-Can help examine the divide between the bio-physical reality and conceptions of nature |
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Term
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Definition
-Exclusionary by kicking off all humans out of the land in order to conserve
Slighty newer:
-Allow humans on land only if they act primitive/"natural" |
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Term
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Definition
-Focused on capital
-Fuses the environment with politics and those with high social standings benefit
-try to create a environmentalism that brings with it positive social changes for those citizens living on the land
-International appeal of local resources and ecotourism
-negative social ramifications for those living off the land
-Loose government regulations
-NGO's haved moved into running conservation project, less government management
-Locals are being homogenized and managed as resources, saying that 'we are doing it for the locals' |
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Term
| New Conservation Model and Neocolonialism |
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Definition
| -outsiders influence and shape the way these groups understand themselves and their natures and how they in turn behave in these natures |
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Term
| What social, scientific and political changed brought about this paradigm shift in conservation? |
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Definition
a) There has been a push to work with the people, there is a changing views of people and the civil rights movements, the idea that local and rural people have rights. There is a critique of colonialism in general; this is seen very clearly in Africa. People are making the connection between conservation and colonialism. We are getting ride of colonialism and need new methods conservation.
b) A rise of traditional environmental knowledge that sometimes people who live off the land have knowledge that should be taken seriously
c) The democratization of governments from political elites from a broader base. There is still allot of elite people, but people claimed rights that they did not used to have. This has brought about a metamorphosis in conservation paradigms.
d) Protected areas went from being a national issue to a local and an international issue. State is too big because it excludes local community and too small because it excludes international issues. Have it moved from not understanding but to managing on the small scale. It moved from controlled to manage. |
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Term
| Why were colonizers interested in nature conservation in Africa? |
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Definition
| As a response to what they felt they had either lost or destroyed in their homelands they |
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Term
| What contradictory views of Africans and their relationship to natural resources did colonizers have? |
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Definition
-Colonizers view Africans as both natural and destructive
-Natural, in that they are viewed like animals, close to nature
-Destructive, in that they could be bad if they are not disciplined in their practices
-Colonizers are only given legitimacy if they act primitive and authentic, if they conform to modernity then they lose that |
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Term
| To what extent and under what circumstances did locals have access to parks in Tanzania? |
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Definition
-They were allowed to access the park under the condition that they acted primatively
-Did not harm animals or resources
-Served as guards and guides for white tourists
-Rights to access the park, but limited restrictions on what they could do |
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Term
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Definition
| -A policy whereby a major power uses economic and political means to perpetuate or extend its influence over underdeveloped nations or areas |
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Term
| What's good about ecotourism? |
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Definition
-Has potential to bring about awareness to issues previously unknown
-Can gain economic support to support environmental issues
-Encourages environmental preservation as opposed to degradation |
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Term
| In Belize, why was Eco-tourism not as good as it sounded? |
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Definition
The money that came in went to local elite rather then community as a whole
-It told them to act empowered and act as if they did not have any problems aside from environmental ones |
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Term
| How can conservation-as-development practices intensify social conflicts in communities? |
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Definition
| -The pre-existing power structure gave the money and benefits to the elite who had the means to accessing the limited resources, while the community could not benefit as a whole- became more marginalized |
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Term
| How did the ideal tourist image of Belize contrast reality? |
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Definition
-The ideal image is that the community all gains equally from the money that they give-which is not true.
-Also tourists think their understanding of the environment lines up with the 'natives' which is not true
-And there is a presumption that these people understand themselves in strictly natural terms.false. |
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Term
| In Belize, what was problematic about efforts to conserve culture? |
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Definition
-It is not an effort to preserve indigenous culture, but to present the idea of conservation of native history that is pleasing to tourists.
-This then makes the natives change their culture in order to the noble savage image that is presumed of them |
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Term
| How can conservation be neo-colonial? |
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Definition
| -Outsiders create a set of policies in which they shape and influence the way these groups understand themselves and nature, and influence th their relationship/the way they act with nature |
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Term
| What's problematic about the "community" in "community-based conservation" |
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Definition
| -It assumes that the community is one cohesive unit, while some can take more power and claim to represent the community and take in the benefits while others receive none |
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Term
| What are some problems with community-based conservation, and what are some ways of improving the model of conservation? |
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Definition
-Not everyone conceives of nature in the same way, some people may be greedy and take more than others
-Have to define the local community, set boundaries
-Dependent on others
-Communities conform to act more 'indigenous'
Solutions:
Develop a model of conservation in which the people who are actively effected can come up with their own solutions |
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Term
| Describe the Environmental, Social, and Economic significance of the Ibex in Pakistan. |
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Definition
Environmental-their survival and #'s symbolized health of natural world in Pakistan
Economic-hunters willing to pay a great amount to acquire a permit to hunt the Ibex
Socially-to outsiders it was desirable, to insiders it have particular social use values |
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Term
| How was the capitalization (or commodification)of nature supposed to save the day in Pakistan? |
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Definition
-Since they approved a limited hunt, in which you had to buy a permit- they were profiting off of the Ibex.
-75 percent of profits would be split among community to show the benefits of conservation and the rest went to government |
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Term
| What was colonial about the 'conservation as development' project in Pakistan? |
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Definition
-imposed an outside way of valuing nature onto the natives
-Put power into their hands as they saw the benefit of conservation and were in control |
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Term
| What was the relationship between global and local in the Ibex project? |
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Definition
-Local is largely being controlled by the global
-global ideas about conservation are being applied to a local scale |
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Term
| What role did scientific knowledge and governmentality play in the Ibex project? |
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Definition
-Scientific knowledge claimed that this way of thinking about the Ibex was the best way and therefore overpowered any other views on it
-Governmentality confirmed this as the WWF conducted research about the way the Ibex lives and should be thought of |
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Term
| In what ways were villagers included (or excluded) from the Ibex project? |
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Definition
-They were excluded in that they did not come up with the plan, yet they were the ones who had to execute and follow through with the plan
-They were told what to do, and performed accordingly, allowed to perform as if they had manifested a particular kind of 'naturalness' |
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Term
| What was problematic about the birth of the U.S. national park system in the Ken Burns documentary? |
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Definition
-Native Americans were hardly recognized as being occupants of this land before the national park system
-the movie made it seem as if there was a smooth transition from unoccupied land to national parks |
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Term
| What political and economic factors have led to deforestation in Honduras? |
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Definition
-External economic interventions that are based on short-term profits not on long-term or environmental concerns
-A boom in cotton and cattle happened in which an elite formed that acquired more and more land and marginalized poor forcing them to different areas of land leading to deforestation
-Government does not enforce environmental protection codes |
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