Term
| tetrodotoxin, conotoxin botulism, tetanus |
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Definition
| list the pre-synaptic nerve drug things for skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Nerve gas, physotignine, succinyl choline |
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Definition
| list the nerve drug things that work IN the synapse for skeletal muscle |
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Term
Nicotine/Ach (agonists)
Curare (antagonist) |
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Definition
| list the post synaptic drug things for skeletal muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits action potential in pre synaptic neuron by blocking sodium channels |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents vessicles from fusing by blocking calcium channels in pre-synaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks t-snare/v-snare & physically blocks docking of vessicles so they can't fuse in pre-synaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| screws with presynaptic neurons in the spinal cord |
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Term
| tetrodotoxin, conotoxin, botulism, tetanus? |
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Definition
| these drugs prevent neurotransmitter release (no contraction of the muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
| irreversible Ach esterase inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible Ach esterase inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic depolarizer, irreversibly binds to Ach receptor, eventually inactivating sodium channels |
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Term
| nerve gas, physostignine, succinyl choline |
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Definition
| these drugs cause initial contraction of the muscle, then paralysis |
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Term
N1 in muscle (nicotinic)
N2 is in the ganglia |
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Definition
| nicotinic receptor that post-synaptic drugs such as Ach and Nicotine work on |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/10,000 people get increase PCO2, increased temp and decrease PO2, when under anasthesia if they have this condition |
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Term
| get leaky ryanodine receptors causing skeletal muscle contractions and creating heat as the cells are metabolically active trying to pump calcium out with ATP |
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Definition
| what happens in malignant hyperthermia that can be fatal? |
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Term
| give them dantrolene to block the ryanodine receptors and decrease the calcium release from the SR |
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Definition
| how can you help someone with maligmant hyperthermia when they start dying in your OR? |
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Term
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Definition
| weird uncle of muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| most smooth muscle cells are single unit or multi unit? |
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Term
| cilliary muscles in the eye (electrically isolated smooth musc cells) |
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Definition
| what is an example of multiunit smooth muscles? |
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Term
| visceral smooth muscle, organs, airways, blood vessels |
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Definition
| what is an example of single unit smooth muscle cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| what allows coordinated contraction in single unit smooth muscle cells (like cardiac muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle cells are bigger/smaller than skeletal muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
| are there sarcomeres in smooth muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
| does smooth muscle use actin and myosin? |
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Term
| smooth is slower speed(dif isoform of ATPase), not as hard, and longer duration(doesn't use ATP as quickly) |
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Definition
| compare contraction speed of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| does smooth muscle have a troponin complex? |
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Term
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Definition
| what are like Z discs, but less limiting to contraction in smooth muscle? |
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Term
| not really, has a graded response |
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Definition
| does multiunit smooth muscle have an action potential? |
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Term
voltage gated Na+ channels that open and close quick
smooth has calcium channels that are slower to open and open longer
both repolarized with K+ |
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Definition
| what causes fast contraction of skeletal muscle? what does smooth muscle have? |
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Term
something about the gut cells can self excite themselves with leaky sodium and calcium channels
the heart has this too, and it's regulated by hormones |
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Definition
| what are pacemaker potentials? |
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Term
| calcium level (also activation of kinases/phosphatases) |
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Definition
| dictates quantity and strength of muscle contractions |
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Term
1. calcium channels are activated when depolarized
2. agonists activated the IP3 pathway causing the SR to release calcium
3. ryanodine receptors open Ca++ induced Ca channels
4. when the SR is depleted of Ca, open store operated Ca channels open
-ORAI-sensor that is attached to PM that opens Ca channels when sense low Ca. |
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Definition
| 4 ways calcium enters the cell |
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Term
1)increase intercellular calcium
2)ca binds to calmodulin
3)calmodulin binds to myosin light chain kinase
4)kinase phosphorylates myosin light chain
5)light chain lets heavy chain work (cross bridge cycling) |
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Definition
| for smooth musc. contraction, there needs to be a certain process occuring involving calmodulin, describe it. |
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Term
| decreased cellular calcium(pump back in SR with SERCA or ATPase on plasma membrane), and increased myosin phosphatase activity so myosin light chain can be inactivated |
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Definition
| needed for smooth muscle relaxation |
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Term
| altering Ca++ levels and myosin phosphatase activity (phosphate removed from myosin light chain) |
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Definition
| what creates muscle tone? |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle maintains sustained contractions with ____ ATP hydrolysis(latch state) |
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Term
| to relax it (detatch actin/myosin heads) |
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Definition
| why is ATP needed in muscle? |
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Term
| varicosities (they function like neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle) |
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Definition
| structure in smooth muscle that allows wide ranging actions of hormones such as NE, Ach, or Epi |
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Term
| Ach muscarinic receptors, endothelium |
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Definition
| the parasympathetic receptors for blood vessels are what kind and where are they found? |
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Term
| release NO, smooth muscle relacation(vasodilation) |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic acts within the blood vessel, not smooth muscle by using a pathway that ultimately releases ___ to the smooth muscle from the endothelium and causes ____ |
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Term
| release NE to alpha 1 receptors or Beta 2 receptors |
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Definition
| Sympathetic system uses what receptors to control blood vessels? |
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Term
vasoconstriction (smooth musc. contraction)
Norepi released->IP3 path causes increased myosin and actin interactions
(also can use ATP) |
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Definition
| what does sympathetic system do to blood vessels with the alpha 1 receptors? how? |
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Term
| on the smooth musc. cell membrane (parasymp is in endothelium) |
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Definition
| where are the sympathetic blood vessel effecting receptors located? |
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Term
causes vasodilation
receptor activates adenylyl cyclase->cAMP inhibiting the myosin light chain kinase, causes decreased myosin/actin interaction and decreased contraction of smooth muscle |
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Definition
| what does sympathetic system do to blood vessels with the beta 2 receptors? how? |
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Term
slow wave potentials that EVENTUALLY fire action potentials when they reach threshold
ex:pacemaker cells with leaky sodium/calcium have slow depolarization |
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Definition
| what is involved in self excitation of smooth muscles? |
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Term
| contract in stomach, relax in bladder |
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Definition
| where does stretch cause smooth muscle contraction? how about relaxation? |
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Term
1)self excited
2)sympathetic alpha 1 (beta relaxes so does para)
3)neural stimulation
4)stretch
5)paracrine
6)endocrine |
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Definition
| what are all the ways smooth muscle can contract? |
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Term
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Definition
| what are the paracrine factors involved in smooth muscle excitation? |
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Term
hormones, epi, angiotensin, endothelin, vasopressin, oxytocin, serotonin, histamine
bind to a receptor and open ion channels to cause depolarization or hyperpolarization |
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Definition
| what are the endocrine factors that affect smooth muscle contraction? how do they work? |
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Term
metabolic hyperemia
blood vessels in skeletal muscle using o2 and spewing out Co2 |
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Definition
metabolic response with LOCAL increase CO2 and H+ and decreased O2 causing the smooth muscle to relax in response to metabolism
bonus: what can cause this? |
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Term
| RYR1 or voltage gated Ca channel mutations |
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Definition
| what mutations does someone with malginant hyperthermia have? |
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Term
| metabolic AND respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
| what happens with the PCO2 increase in malignant hyperthermia? |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorylation of the regulatory chain (one of the light chains on the myosin head) causes this |
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Term
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Definition
| what is important to stop contraction of smooth muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
| when Ca levels fall below a certain level the calmodulin processes automatically reverse, but an enzyme is needed to remove the phosphate from the light chain, what is it? |
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Term
| it allows smooth muscle to sustain tonic contractions once fully contracted for hours |
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Definition
| what is important about the latch mechanism? |
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Term
| inhibitory, they promote relaxation and vasodilation |
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Definition
| are muscarinic receptors on endothelium excitatory or inhibitory receptors (to smooth muscle) when stimulated by acetylcholine? |
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Term
| the normal slow wave potentials and the decrease in negativity of the membrane caused by the stretch itself |
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Definition
| what causes smooth muscle to react to stretch? |
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Term
| yes, but only a little, not nearly as much as in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle relies on extracellular calcium |
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Definition
| does the SR provide calcium for smooth muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
| what binds to myosin light chain kinase enabling it to phosphorylate the light chain? |
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