Term
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Definition
| the volume of air we breathe during a normal, resting respiratory cycle |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| the volume that can be exhaled after reaching the end level of a normal resting respiratory cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| the total amount of air capacity a person can volitionally inspire and expire |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air that cannot be expelled |
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Term
| Positive alveolar pressure favors what stage of respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative alveolar pressure favors what stage of respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does REL stand for? (1) At what percent of vital capacity does it normally occur? (2) What is the usual air pressure in the lungs at REL? (3) |
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Definition
(1) resting expiratory level
(2) 38-40% VC
(3) 0 cm H2O |
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Term
| What would you expect the vital capacity of a normal college age male to be? (1) What would you expect his total lung volume be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two classes of forces operate on the respiratory system, muscular forces and passive forces. Name three components (or sources) contributing to passive forces: |
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Definition
1. gravity
2. tissue elasticity
3. surface tension in alveoli |
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Term
| The goal of the expiratory for "life" (or "vegetative") maintenance is ____________(1). But the goal of the respiratory system for speech production is ________(2). |
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Definition
(1) exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide for energy/metabolism
(2) to maintain a constant positive subglottal pressure |
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Term
| Which muscle is better to use as a primary inspiratory muscle when standing up, the diaphragm or the external intercostals? _________(1) Why? ______(2) |
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Definition
(1) Diaphragm.
(2) Because in the upright position it moves downward when it contracts, assisted by gravity, so its use is more efficient and less physiologically costly than intercostals which must work against gravity. |
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Term
| At low vital capacity (say about 20%), passive pressures operate in positive or negative? ______(1), and therefore will favor ______(2). To get final words out you must still exhale air and produce alveolar pressure in what sign? ________(3) Therefore, to meet target pressure for speech, you must contract muscles. Name one ventral abdominal muscle that you would be likely to contract: _________(4) |
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Definition
(1) negative
(2) inspiration
(3) positive
(4) rectus abdominis |
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Term
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Definition
| inspiratory muscles try to put a braking force on passive forces when breathing at a maximum level. |
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Term
| To speak low with an unusually deep breath and unusually high passive pressures, you have to contract some muscles. What special name is given to muscle contraction in this particular circumstance? (1) What set of muscles located between the ribs are you most likely to contract in this situation? (2) |
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Definition
(1) checking action.
(2) external intercostals |
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Term
If a person has a spinal cord injury at about the level of C6 (such as the example given in your book), which phase of respiration (inspiration or expiration) are they LEAST likely to be able to control? (1)
How is this likely to impact the intensity (loudness) of the person's speech? (2) How is this likely to affect the DURATION of the person's utterances? (3) Describe one possible compensatory treatment you might try to help improve this person's speech? (4) |
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Definition
(1) expiration
(2) decreased intensity of speech
(3) much shorter duration of utterances
(4) use girdle or "belly-board" |
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Term
| One complete cycle of respiration for speech might take about 10 seconds. Of that total duration, how many seconds would be required for inspiration? (1) How many seconds would be required for expiration? (2) One complete cycle of resting tidal respiration might take about 4 seconds. Of that total duration, how many seconds would be required for inspiration? (3) How many seconds would be required for expiration? (4) |
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Definition
(1) 1 second
(2) 9 seconds
(3) 2 seconds
(4) 2 seconds |
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Term
| Spirometry shows that maximum expiratory flow rate that a person might generate, using strong muscular effort (say, if you are running and breathing hard), is about _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The usual expiratory airflow rate for speech during a conversational vowel is about ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The subglottal pressure required for conversational speech is approximately _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The subglottal pressure required for LOUD speech is aproximately _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| For normal resting tidal breathing, individuals usually breathe in to a tidal inspiratory end point about 45% of their vital capacity and then exhale. For speech breathing, individuals usually breathe in to a point _____% higher than tidal end inspiration. |
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Definition
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Term
| During normal tidal respiration, inspiration is _____(active/passive), expiration is _____(active/passive). |
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Definition
(1) inspiration is active
(2) expiration is passive |
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Term
| During speech respiration, inspiration is _____(active/passive), and expiration is _______(active/passive). |
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Definition
(1) inspiration is active
(2) expiration is active |
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Term
| If passive forces are giving you more pressure than your target pressure for speech, then we counter these forces using __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| During speech production, abdominal muscles are almost ________ active. |
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Definition
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Term
| A distinctive characteristic of speakers with cervical spinal cord injuries is that speakers start utterances at _________ lung volumes. |
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Definition
| high relative lung volumes. |
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Term
| Speakers with cervical spinal cord injuries (at about C5) are unlike normal speakers because speakers with spinal cord damage don't contract _______ muscles during speech. |
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Definition
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