Term
Alpha activity:
Frequency:
Max location: |
|
Definition
Frequency= 8.1-12.9 Hz
Max over occipital lobe |
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|
Term
Theta activity
Frequency:
Max location: |
|
Definition
Theta= most common frequency!
Frequency= 4.1-8 Hz
Max over central vertex region |
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|
Term
Delta activity:
Frequency:
Max location: |
|
Definition
Frequency= 0.5-4 Hz
Max over frontal region |
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Term
Sleep spindles indicative of:
Frequency:
Lasts for: |
|
Definition
Sleep Spindles indicative of stage 2 sleep.
Frequency=12-14 Hz
Lasts for 0.5-3 seconds |
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Term
K complexes indicative of:
Description:
Lasts for:
Max location: |
|
Definition
K Complexes indicative of stage 2 sleep.
Slow, sharp waves w/ a negative and then positive deflection.
Lasts for at least 0.5 seconds.
Max in central vertex region. |
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Term
| Stage 1 sleep mostly what wave? |
|
Definition
>50% of stage 1 is theta activity (4-8Hz)
Relatively high submental EMG tone. |
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Term
| Stage 2 sleep mostly what wave? |
|
Definition
Theta.
High tonic submental EMG. |
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|
Term
Stage 3 has what percent delta activity?
EOG channels mirror... |
|
Definition
20-50% delta activity.
EOG channels mirror delta activity.
Submental muscle tone slightly reduced. |
|
|
Term
| Stage 4 is what percent delta activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sleep and sleep deprivation effects on cortisol |
|
Definition
Sleep-> increasing cortisol, peaks right when you wake up.
Sleep Dep -> still increase.
...intimately tied w/ circadian rhythms. |
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|
Term
| Sleep and sleep dep effects on TSH |
|
Definition
Muted circadian variation during sleep.
Large TSH secretion when during sleep dep.
Circadian rhythm in TSH release and sleep-related inhibition of TSH. |
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Term
| Sleep and sleep dep effects on GH |
|
Definition
Males: GH surge at sleep onset in SWS.
Females: GH peaks in anticipation of sleep.
Sleep dep -> attenuated increase or no increase at all.
GH shows primarily sleep-related augmentation. |
|
|
Term
| Sleep and sleep dep effects on PRL |
|
Definition
PRL increase during sleep. No change during sleep dep.
No real circadian-based rhythm w/ PRL...mostly sleep-related. |
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|
Term
| Urinary K+ secretion synchronized w/ |
|
Definition
Feeding (when animal wakes up)
but really CORTISOL...inject cortisol at wrong time, urinary K+ synchronizes with it. |
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|
Term
| During puberty, LH is stimulated by... |
|
Definition
| Sleep...sleep dep a child going through puberty and let them sleep during the day, LH is secreted during the day. |
|
|
Term
| The sleep-related slowing of GnRH pulse generation in adult women is necessary for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sole target for metatonin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do people w/ OSA or controls have higher leptin levels? |
|
Definition
| OSA patients...hypoxia-> increased leptin levels |
|
|
Term
| Why does sleep dep inhibit glucose clearing abilities? |
|
Definition
| Sleep dep -> activation of sympathetic NS -> increase NE -> inhibition of glucose metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Effect of sleep dep on leptin and ghrelin levels |
|
Definition
| Sleep dep -> decreased leptin and increased ghrelin (HUNGER!) |
|
|
Term
| Can treat acromegaly with... |
|
Definition
Octreotide= SRIF agonist...
Decreases IGF-1
Increases REM sleep
Increases SWS
Decreases RDI |
|
|
Term
| Acromegaly and hypothyroidism correlated w/ what sleep d/o? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Peripheral (nociceptive)
2. Neuropathic (injury to nervous system)
3. Central (non-nociceptive) |
|
|
Term
| What sleep disturbance is seen commonly in FM patients? |
|
Definition
| Phasic alpha intrusion (occurs in 100% of FM patients who report worse pain after sleep) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: UARS, cyclical alternating pattern, sympathetic overdrive, and RLS commonly found in FM patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FM found in _% of population.
Chronic fatigue syndrome found in _% of population. |
|
Definition
FM in 2-4% of pop.
CFS in 1% of pop. |
|
|
Term
| FM more common in males or females? |
|
Definition
| 1.5-2X more common in females (strong familial/genetic underpinnings) |
|
|
Term
| Familial predisposition to FM |
|
Definition
| >8 odds ration for 1st degree relatives (Arnold, et al) |
|
|
Term
| Genes that may be involved in FM: |
|
Definition
5HT transporter,
5HT(2A) receptor polymorphism T/T,
DA(D4) receptor exon III repeat polymorphism,
COMT |
|
|
Term
| Facilitators of pain processing |
|
Definition
| Substance P, 5-HT(2a,3a), Glu, EAA, NGF, CCK |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of pain pathways |
|
Definition
| NE, DA, 5HT(1a,b), Opioids, cannabinoids, adenosine |
|
|
Term
| 3 domains of CNS pain processing and structures |
|
Definition
1.Sensory(primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, thalamus, posterior insula).
2.Affective(Anterior insula, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex).
3.Cognitive(anterior insula, amygdala, anterior cinguate cortex, and prefrontal regions). |
|
|
Term
| Hyperactivity of what brain structure consistently seen in FM patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Evidence of chronic pain as a neurodegenerative disorder |
|
Definition
Apkarian showed decreased gray matter density in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and thalamus.
Decreased gray matter correlates w/ amount of time w/ pain. |
|
|
Term
| Brain structures w/ decreased metabolism during NREM: |
|
Definition
Parietal and temporal lobes, frontal cortex, and thalamus.
Thalamocortical networks associated w/ attention and conscious awareness...largest decline from waking to NREM. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Brain is as metabolically active during REM as during waking. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures active during REM: |
|
Definition
Anterior paralimbic network (error detection),
Ventral striatum/basal forebrain/basal ganglion (motivation to action),
Premotor (central pattern generation),
Primary somatosensory cortex (sensorimotor),
Cerebellum (cognitive planning),
Insular cortex (interface to internal milieu),
Mesial temporal cortex(memory/emotion),
Brainstem reticular formation(arousal/approach). |
|
|
Term
| EEG alterations in depression: |
|
Definition
Short REM latency, increased phasic REM sleep, increased first REM period duration, increased REM %.
Decreased SWS, prolonged sleep latency, increased wake time, early morning awakenings. |
|
|
Term
| Why does sleep dep -> transient depression alleviation? |
|
Definition
| Sleep dep -> increased NE and 5HT |
|
|
Term
| EEG disturbances in schizophrenics |
|
Definition
| SWS reduction (correlates w/ alterations in prefrontal cortex function), and sleep continuity disturbances. |
|
|
Term
| Sleep disturbances in GAD patients |
|
Definition
| Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep and non-restorative sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long sleep latencies, decreased sleep maintenance, decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep, no change in REM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sleep continuity distrubances, increased PLMs, nightmares in either REM or NREM, generally early in the night. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acute->increased sleep and decreased REM and delta.
Chronic->severe sleep continuity disturbances and increased alpha during NREM. |
|
|
Term
| Arousal systems that do not "shut off" in insomniacs: |
|
Definition
| ARAS, hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate, insular cortex, mesial temporal cortex, entire cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brainstem reticular formation/Basal Forebrain/ Hypthalamus --> Limbic system/VM prefrontal cortex --> Prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Narcolepsy known as dysfunction of.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narcoleptic tetrad (Yoss & Day, 1950) |
|
Definition
| EDS + Cataplexy + HH + SP (10-15%)...pentad includes disturbed sleep. |
|
|
Term
Familiar narcolepsy accounts for _% of narcoleptics.
Risk of 1st degree relative having narcolepsy and you having it as well... |
|
Definition
4-7%.
1% risk if 1st degree relative has it (10-40fold increase). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sleep attacks occurs in _% of narcoleptics and automatic behaviors carried out by _%. |
|
Definition
| 70% have sleep attacks..40% carry out automatic behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| Cataplexy occurs in _% of narcoleptics (_% of general pop) |
|
Definition
| 60-100% of narcoleptics (9-29% of gen pop) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SP in 40-80% of narcoleptics. |
|
|
Term
| HH occur in _% of narcoleptics |
|
Definition
| 40-80%...half experience this once a week. |
|
|
Term
| Disturbed nocturnal sleep in _% of narcolpetics |
|
Definition
| 60-80%..may present itself as sleep-onset insomnia |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Narcoleptics have very fragemented sleep w/ lots of awakenings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gene found in 90% of narcoleptics w/ cataplexy (but also in 12-38% of gen pop) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulants - Modafinil - wake promoting cmpd w/ low abuse potential.
Affexts mult NT systems like 5HT, Glu, GABA, catecholamines, orexin, and histamine.
DA D1R and D2R are ESSENTIAL for wakefulness induced by modafinil.
Ticyclics - Monoamine uptake inhibitors and cholinergic histaminic and alpha-adrenergic blocking effects. Inhibition of adrenergic (alpha1b) uptake is CRITICAL. Effective for 80%! |
|
|
Term
| Theory of state boundary control: |
|
Definition
| Imbalance of decreased monoaminergic function and increased cholinergic function. |
|
|
Term
Decreased DA -->
Decreased monoaminergic neurons in RN and LC and increased cholinergic neurons in dorsal pontine tegmental area --> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hcrt isolated by ___...50,000-100,000 Hcrt neurons in___ |
|
Definition
isolated by Gautvik (1996).
Neurons located in dorsolateral hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
Hcrt1R found in...
Hcrt2R found in... |
|
Definition
Hcrt1R found in VM hypothalamic nucleus, DR, and LC.
HCRT2R found in PVN and NAc. |
|
|
Term
| Hcrt involved in overall control of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hcrt affects __ and __ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutation in this gene responsible for narcolepsy in canines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| State boundary controller |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PreProHcrts detected in ___ of controls but not in narcoleptics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children w/ excessive PLMs average how much less sleep than controls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Child habitually settles to sleep requiring circumstances which cannot be recreated by the cild or sustained during night. |
|
Definition
| Sleep Onset Association D/o |
|
|
Term
| Bed-time struggles/limit-settling sleep d/o in _% of __ aged children. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nightmares affect _% of children b/w ages |
|
Definition
| 25-50% of children ages 3-5. Arousal from REM. |
|
|
Term
| Night terrors (Pavor Nocturnus) affect _% of children |
|
Definition
| 3%...familial predisposition shown. Partial arousal from NREM. |
|
|
Term
| Somnambulism affects _% of children of ages _ |
|
Definition
| 40% of children from 6-16 yrs. Partial arousal from deep NREM. |
|
|
Term
| Somniloquy occurs in _% of children of age_. |
|
Definition
| 8% of children at age 5. Seen in 50% of sleep walkers - arises from REM or NREM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imipramine (Tofranil, Desmopressin (DDAVP), and Oxybutinin (Ditropan) |
|
|
Term
| OSA affects _% of children during the peak ages of |
|
Definition
| 1-3%, peaking in ages of 3-6 yrs. Sexes affected equally. |
|
|
Term
| Brain structures w/ decreased metabolism during NREM |
|
Definition
| Parietal and temporal lobes, Frontal cortex, and thalamis |
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|
