Term
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Definition
| The muscles covering that part of the body between the chest and the pelvis and enclosing the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and pancreas |
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Term
| acute mountain sickness (AMS) |
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Definition
| A physical condition that may occur at altitudes above 6000 feet. AMS is caused by lack of oxygen, which injures body cells directly because it interferes with oxygen-requiring chemical reactions. AMS also injures the body cells indirectly because of the changes it causes in the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, headache, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath on exertion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Programs or lessons tailored to the individual needs of skiers or riders requiring specialized equipment or teaching techniques. Adaptive skiers or riders may have cognitive, developmental, or physical disabilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased exertion under oxygenated conditions, as opposed to anaerobic (without oxygen) exercise. The intensity of aerobic exercise allows it to be performed for a sustained period of time. Examples are running, swimming, and nordic track skiing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The leaning domain related to feelings, emotions, values, spirituality, and the appreciation of beauty, such as in art or wildlife. Learning a sport can create growth in the affective domain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The positioning of the body so that forces derived from the interaction of the skis on the snow pass through the body's center of mass to produce the intended movement. This is optimized when the snow tool and boots are selected and/or modified to either complement or correct body movement to enhance strength and predictability of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used to distinguish downhill skiing from its nordic counterpart. |
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Term
| American Teaching System (ATS) |
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Definition
| The methods, models, and philosophy of teaching snowsports as collected, developed, and disseminated by PSIA and AASI |
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Term
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Definition
| Exercise in which energy is released without the use of oxygen. The body releases this type of energy via a phosphate energy-delivery system that is later replenished by oxygen. Anaerobic exercise activities that require short bursts of energy include skiing or riding in demanding conditions such as moguls or race courses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of bodily structure. |
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Term
| anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) |
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Definition
| The knee ligament that connects the femur (thigh bone) with the tibia (shin bone) and prevents forward movement of the tibia on the femur. the posterior cruciate ligament prevents backward movements of the tibia and femur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of evaluating student characteristics to determine how to structure individualized, effective lessons. |
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Term
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Definition
| They respond well to verbal descriptions of movements to be performed and generally prefer to talk about their experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
Muscular actionsto maintain equilibrium, or the desired alignment, on skis or snowboard. These movements are usually divided into two categories:
1. actions that affect fore-and-aft balance and
2. actions that affect lateral balance |
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Term
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Definition
| A joint in which a knob-like part of one bone fits into a socket of another, allowing rotation as well as flexion and extension. The hip and shoulder joints are ball-and-socket joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Devices that attach skis or a snowboard to the boots |
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Term
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Definition
| Field of study applying the principles of mechanics to the study of animate movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Essentially the same location as the skier's or rider's center of mass |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which the entire mass of the body may be considered to be concentrated. If the body is viewed as made up of many small elements of mass, the average location of the elemental masses is the center of mass. The CM location changes as body position changes and may even be located outside the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question that elicits a limited response. "are your edges sharp?" is a closed question. |
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Term
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Definition
| The learning domain related to thinking, analyzing, and speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle contraction involving shortening of a muscle. |
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Term
| concrete operations stage |
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Definition
| The developmental stage that is characterized by the ability to differentiate appearance from reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Providing a service or product in a manner that places great value on customer satisfaction. Customer service touches all aspects of resort operations. The instructor is a conduit to the customer's overall enjoyment of the mountain experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Performing a task or exercise as an example for students. Usually involved highlighting particular movements so that the students can readily see them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeating a task or exercise to attain a desired performance objective or retain knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle contraction involving lengthening of a muscle while developing tension. Also known as a negative contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movements that increase or decrease edge angles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The expenditure of only that amount of energy required to accomplish a given task. Efficiency is the ratio of the skier's or rider's input energy to the desired output movement. High efficiency implies achieving the desired movement with a minimum input of energy under a given set of conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second stage of coordination development, in which spatial awareness is gained, and movement around objects becomes more refined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a body part outward, such as a lateral movement of the sole of the foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning though experience. Instructors create situations through use of terrain or task for students, enabling them to learn first-hand how to apply knowledge presented during the lesson. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any movement that increases the angle at a joint. At times the skier or rider extends the knee, hip, and ankle joints simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles that enable extension at a joint. For example, the hip muscles act to extend the thigh away from the abdomen, and the trunk muscles cause the spine to arch backward. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information students receive about their performance that helps clarify what action they need to take to achieve a desired result. Feedback may be external (from their instructor) or internal (from their own observations and experience). |
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Term
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Definition
| The bone that extends from the pelvis to the knee. The femur is the longest and largest bone in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any movement that decreases the angel at a joint. Often, this entails bending the knee, hip, and ankle joints simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hip muscles, which act to draw the thigh toward the abdomen, and the trunk muscles, which bend the spine forward into a rounded position. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insert for shoes or boots designed to support the foot and/or provide a neutral stance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of cognitive development that mark the beginning of adult thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| Freezing or partial freezing of a body part. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold injury in which only the outer skin layer is frozen. Characterized by pain and blanching of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| A question designed to provide insight into the values and emotions associated with the answer. "What did you most enjoy about your day on the slopes?" is an example of a generative question. |
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Term
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Definition
| The desired lesson outcomes, which the instructor and students agree upon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A joint in which a convex part of one bone fits into a concave part of another, allowing motion in only one plane. Knee and finger joints are hinge joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dangerous condition in which the body core temperature falls below 95 degrees F. Symptoms include confusion, apathy, withdrawal, and slurred speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a body either to remain at rest or to continue in motion in a straight line unless acted on by an external force. The inertia of a body is given by its mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Raising the medial border of the foot and/or a rotation inward of body parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle contraction with no change in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning though feeling and sensations (also known as proprioceptive learning). Kinesthetic refers to forces that act outside the body to create a sensation, such as the boot pressing upon the leg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situated at, proceeding from, or directed toward the side. An upright person who leans to one side moves laterally. |
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Term
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Definition
| A teaching technique in which the instructor has students focus on a broad range of activities within an ability level so they can experience in-depth learning before progressing to the next level. The instructor helps students isolate and developskills, integrate them fully, and apply them to various situations before moving to the next level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditions affecting the ability to learn. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rapport the instructor forms with the student. Essential to the success of this relationship is the instructor's understanding of the student's needs and expectations and the student's willingness to actively participate in learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning occurs thought the steps of readiness to receive information, receiving information, processing, and then reacting to (using) it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's dominant or preferred mode of learning or processing information. Also know as learning type. One way of classifying learing styles is to determine if a person is primarily a visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learner. Another classification scheme separates types as dynamic learner, innovative learner, active experimenter, or analytical learner. Most people learn through a combination of styles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The instructor's process of establishing the lesson structure, based on the student goals that the instructor and student have together identified. Lesson duration, snow conditions, student goals, and expectations, and numerous other factors contribute to an effective lesson plan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bands of thick, strong, fibrous tissue that connect bones and serve to strengthen joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| The final stage of coordination development, when movement becomes relatively well-coordinated, mechanically correct, and efficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| An analogy in which concepts are related to a familiar device or system to facilitate understanding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A teaching procedure in which a person demonstrates the correct performance of skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| A property of a moving body that is the product of its mass times its velocity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movements learned by practice or experience that lead to a relatively permanent gain in performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of assessing a student's ability - the movement patterns and skill blending - and identifying the correlating cause-and-effect relationships. The instructor analyzes the separate components of the student's movements to determine the focus of the lesson and identify the steps that will produce the desired results. Also known as movement assessment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system for identifying seven comprehensive categories of human capabilities. The multiple intelligences are: verbal-linguistic, logical-mathemetical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue composed of cells that can shorten (contract) and lengthen (relax). |
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Term
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Definition
| Covering along pathways linking neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Serves to increase the speed of neural transmission. |
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Term
| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) |
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Definition
| Scale that measures individual preferences in thinking and behavior, based on the work of Carl Jung. The types identified include introverted vs. extroverted, sensing vs. intuitive, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving. |
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Term
| National Ski Patrol (NSP) |
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Definition
| An association whose members support and participate in the snowsport and outdoor recreation community by providing educational training and emergency care and rescue services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducting cell of the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpine skiing on nordic equipment. The skier may make alpine ski turns as well as telemark turns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nordic skiing on prepared (groomed) tracks. The skier may use classic technique (traditional diagonal stride) or skate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The particular focus a person chooses to reach an overall goal. Objectives pinpoint the actual skills that need to be developed for a goal to be realized. For example, a student must develop progressive edging skills to reach the goal of making rounded turns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terrain that is not on a prepared slope. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question that may elicit a brad range of responses. "What did you think about your balance in that turn?" is an open question. |
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Term
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Definition
| The orchestration of activities that make up a lesson - the intensity of the practice period, its duration, and the frequency of repeating practice. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cone shaped bony ring make up of the right and left pelvic bones joined in front and in back. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor skills in which perception plays a large role with perceptual discrimination ofter dictating appropriate responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A European term for a prepared slope. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetition of movement patterns or other activities designed to develop or refine a skill. Student focus and instructor guidance and feedback are important parts of effective practice. |
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Term
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Definition
| An early developmental stage in which a child begins to use language and to increasingly interact with the world: verbally, mentally, and physically. |
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Term
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Definition
| DIscussing the basic lesson format with students so they know what to expect. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of acts, movements, or events oriented toward meeting an educational objective or goal. Progressions are connected from the least complicated to the most difficult. For example, an edging skill development progression might include side stepping up a hill, then sideslipping, followed by sideslipping to an edge-set. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of the position and movements of the body and body parts. Snowsport skill development requires the performer to perceive and use proprioceptive information. |
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Term
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Definition
| National teams of the Professional Ski Instructors of America whose purpose is demonstration, teaching, and training across the United States. Member instructors are selected for the teams based on performance and teaching ability. The teams are alpine, nordic and snowboard. |
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Term
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Definition
| The angel between the extend axes of the femur and the tibia, measured at mid-patella (kneecap). The angle is typically larger for women then men because women have a relatively wider pelvis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of rewarding students for appropriate performance. Recognizing and praising students for reaching their achievements provides even more motivation to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using appropriate methods and procedures to reduce risk to customers, guest, and employees at a resort. Instructors, hill employees, management personnel, and volunteers work together to implement area risk management policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developing one's full potential. The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The learning domain related to movement and performance. A beginning and an advanced student can each sense being out of balance. Whereas the motor response of the beginner might be to sit down, the advanced student might respond by adjusting his or her balance to a centered position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned movement, resulting in proficient movement that is controlled, coordinated, and efficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combining basic skills to create an overall performance. Expert skiers and riders integrate skills depending on the situation or maneuver. Instructors can evaluate students on their ability to blend and apply skills in a variety of situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the various sliding tools designed for snowsports, including skis and snowboards. |
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Term
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Definition
| A board for sliding across snow in an angles stance, more like surfing. This device is wide enough to accommodate both feet placed across its width and has characteristics similar to a ski, such as a camber and sidecut. |
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Term
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Definition
Approximate classifications of snow. Several types exist:
Powder - snow that is light, dry, and fluffy
Packed Powder - snow that is pressed together or groomed
Corn - pellet sized particles that have formed from repetitive thawing, refreezing, and recrystallizing of snow
Crud - settling snow that is cut up by skiers and riders
wind-crust - snow with a wind compacted top layer
cement - uncompacted, heavy snow with a high moisture content
ice - snow that has become very dense and hard |
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Term
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Definition
| word exercise designed to simulate free association thinking and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| The bony column that forms the main support for the body and protect the spinal cord. The spine consists of 33 vertebrae. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of separating a group of students into homogenous classes. The instructor may group students according to their desired outcomes (e.g. bumps vs. groomed conditions), skill level, preferred learning style, student age, or any combination of the variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| How a skier or rider stands on the snow tool. One of the most basic indicators or performance at all levels of skiing and riding, stance affects the application and blending of skills. The "stacking" of body segments is often best observed from the side. |
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Term
| student-centered teaching |
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Definition
| Teaching based on the student's needs, desires, expectations, preferred learning styles, and reactions to the learning process. Student-centered teaching is one of the most fundamental philosophies in ATS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Joint between the talus and the calcaneus allowing inversion-eversion movements of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| Campaign developed by the National Ski Areas Association (NSAA) describing desirable environmental management processes for resorts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skiers or riders perform tasks and create formations simultaneously, orchestrated with precise timing, rhythm, turn shape, and technique. |
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Term
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Definition
| The methods use to gain a desired objective. |
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Term
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Definition
| An assigned activity (e.g. progressing toward a target while maintaining a 20-foot-wide corridor). |
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Term
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Definition
| Drawing upon a student's previous learning to help with present learning, that is, pointing out similarities between familiar movements and new movements. For example, students first learn to create better edge grip for side stepping by rolling their ankles into the hill. Later students can transfer the movement of rolling the ankles to turning with more edge control |
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Term
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Definition
| Carryover effect of learning in one context to another context |
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Term
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Definition
| Skiing or riding across the slope in a horizontal or diagonal path. |
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Term
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Definition
| The form of the turn arc (the exact path of the skis or board through the turn). The skier or riders creates turn shape with the unique combination of balancing, rotary, pressure control, and edging movements. Turn shape reflects skill level and indicates the timing, intensity, and duration of the movements. This should not be confused with turn size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ear structures involved with proprioception, providing information about head position in space and sudden changes in direction of body movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Students who learn best by watching. The prefer demonstrations rather then verbal descriptions or diagrams. |
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Term
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Definition
| A portion of the lesson devoted to preparing for activity. This lesson segment often refers to warming up muscles through light movement and stretching but instructors can also help students warm up their minds and prepare them to learn though active listening and questioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for visual learners |
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Term
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Definition
| The cooling effect of wind; the coldness felt on exposed skin due to a combination of temperature and wind velocity. |
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Term
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Definition
A code that sets forth the responsibility of each participant for safe conduct on the slopes and lifts. The code comprises seven points and is a partial list of safe conduct with the message to always be safety conscious.
1. Always stay in control.
2. People ahead of you have the right of way.
3. Stop in a safe place for you and others.
4. Whenever starting downhill or merging, look uphill and yield
5. Use devices to help prevent runaway equipment.
6. Observe signs and warnings, and keep off closed trails.
7. Know how to use the lifts safely. |
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Term
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Definition
Basic needs describing in pyramid with most critical needs forming the base and each successive need representing hiher levels
Self actualization
Self esteem
Belonging
Safety and security
Physiological needs
From bottom. Physical needs --> social and emotional --> cognitive |
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Term
| Styles of resolution conflict |
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Definition
1 competition
2 accommodation
3 collaboration
4 avoidance
5 compromise |
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Term
| Four basic causes of conflict |
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Definition
1 facts or data
Process or methods
Purpose
Values |
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Term
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Definition
| Duration, intensity, rate and timing of application of blending skills balance, edging, rotary and pressure control movements |
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Term
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Definition
| How the skis interact with the snow |
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Term
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Definition
Initiation - begin the turn , change edge and shift weight fro one ski to other. The cm moves to the inside of the new turn
Shaping - skier guides the skis throughout the apex of the turn and accelerates
Finishing - completes the turn and prepare for next turn |
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Term
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Definition
Fore/aft - front/back
Vertical. - up/down
Lateral - side to side
Rotational - torsional |
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