Long axis of the body

Skull, vertebra, and thorax

Upper and lower limbs and girdles

shoulder bones and hip bones

Axial

Provide a framework that supports the body and soft organs

Skull protects the brain

Vertebrae protects the spinal cord

Ribcage protects the thoracic cavity organs

Appendicular

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons and use bones as levers to move the body and its parts

joints determine the types of movements possible

Axial and appendicular

Bone is a reservoir for minerals (mainly calcium and phosphate) and adipost tissue (fat).

stored minerals are released into the blood as needed

Marrow cavities

Hematopoiesis

in newborns all bones form blood cells

in adults a select few form blood cells

Osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Mature bone cells

Osteoblasts that have become trapped in lacunae

Maintain the bone matrix

Bone Building

Found in periosteum and endosteum

Secrete matrix (collagen and ground substance)

Bone destroying

giant cells that participate in bone resorption

mainly found in endosteum

release minerals into blood stream

Collagen fibers and ground substance

inorganic hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

Although the tissue looks dense, it is riddled with passageways for vessels and nerves

lacunae

haversian system

the structural unit of compact bone

elongated cylinder parallel to the axis of the bone and are tiny eight bearing pillars

osteoblasts secrete matrix and become trapped inside osteon in lacunae

as they secrete matrix, they produce hollow tubes of bone matrix, one placed outside the other, like growth rings on a tree trunk

each tube is a lamellae

opening in the center of the osteon

carries blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients for bone cells

tiny canals that connect the lacunae to each other

radiate from the central canal to the lacunae

Not all lamellae are part of osteons

lying between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae

fill the gaps between osteons are remnants of old osteons

honeycomb of small needle-like pieces of bone

aka Spongy bone

trabeculae

aka Spongy bone

Longer than wide

Shaft plus two heads

All limb bones except for patella, ankles, and wrist bones

Generally cube-shape

bones of wrists and ankles

Thin and flattened; usually curved

thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

Irregular shape

does not fit into other bone classifcation categories

shaft

long axis of the bone

composed of compact bone tissue

surrounds the medullary (marrow) cavity

center of long bones

contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

contains red marrow in infants

ends

compact bone around exterior

interior contains spongy bone

covered with an articular (hyaline) cartilage

covers the external surface of the epiphysis and made of hyaline cartilage

decreases friction at joint surfaces

hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

AKA growth plate

External covering of the bone

outer layer is fibrous connective tissue

membrane contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

inner layer consists of bone-forming cells

secured to underlying bone  by sharpey's fibers

internal bone surface membrane in the medullary cavity

covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of the compact bone

contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts

sites of muscles, ligament, and tendon attachments at joint surfaces

passages for nerves and blood vessels

Skull

vertebral column

bony thorax

most complex bony structure

all flat bones

divided into cranium and facial bones

enclose and protects the brain, bony "helmet"

attachment sites for head and neck muscles

framework for face

cavities for special sense organs

openings for food and air

secure teeth

anchor facial muscles (expression)

paired bones: parietal and temporal bones

unpaired bones: frontal, occipital, and sphenoid bones

madible

vomer

maxilla

zygomatic

nasal

palatine

Squamous

Sagittal

Lambdoid

Coronal

forms anterior cranium

articulates with parietal bone via coronal suture

areas above orbits are the frontal sinuses

forming the bridge of the nose

lower part of nose is cartilage

single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity

nasal septum

cheekbones

form lateral walls of the eye sockets

paired bones fused to form upper jaw

carry the upper teeth

Largest and strongest bone of the face

mandibular ramus joins the temp. bones on each side

form the only freely movable joints in the skull

site of mental foramen (little holes)

butterfly shaped bone

spans the width of the skull

forms the central wedge and articulates with all other cranium bones

within the body of the sphenoid is the sphenoid sinuses

in the back of the cranium

foramen magnum and occipital condyles

Ethnoid

frontal

sphenoid

maxillary

contain mucous-lined air-filled sinuses clustered around nasal cavity

lightens the skull and enchances resonance of voice

air enters sinuses from nasal cavity and warms and humidifies it.

not really part of the skull

looks like a miniature version of the mandible "U-shaped"

unique bc it is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone

anchored by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temp. bones

acts as a movable base for the tongue

provides attachment points for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech

(located in the throat)

"Twisted disease"

Abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracic region

"hunchback"

dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature

common in elderly people due to osteoporosis

"Swayback"

exaggerated lumbar curvature

temporary for pregnant or obese people

sternum

thoracic vertebrae

12 ribs

limbs (appendages)

Pectorial girdle (shoulder)

pelvic girdle (hips)

good for flexibility

bad for stability

shoulder girdle

arm

forearm

hand

large opening in the hip bone

joined together by a fibrocartilage disc called the pubic symphysic joint

inferior to the joint is an inverted v-arch called the pubic arch

kneecappp

bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon that secures the thigh muscles to the tibia