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| tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage |
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| dense irregular connective tissue |
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| bone cells and blood vessels that nourish or help with repairs |
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| 4 types of cells in bone tissue |
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| osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts |
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| undiffererniated cells, can divide to replace themselves and can become osteoblasts, found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum |
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| form matrix and collagen fibers but can't divide |
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| mature cells that are no longer secret matrix |
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| huge cells from fused monocytes, function in bone resorption at surfaces such as endosteum |
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| inorganic mineral salts provide bone's hardness |
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| hydrox yapatile (calcium phosphate) and calcuim carbonate |
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| organic collagen fibers provide bone's flexibility |
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| their tensile strength resists being stretched or torn, remove minerals with acid and rubbery structure results |
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| mineralization (calcification) |
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| hardening of tissue when mineral crystals deposit around collagen fibers |
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| bone is not completely solid since it has small spaces for vessels and red bone marrow |
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| spongy bone has many such spaces, compact bone has very few |
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| looks like solid hard layer of bone, makes up the shaft of long bones and teh esternal layer of all bones, resists stresses produced by weight and movement |
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| in joints (between skull bones) |
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| rough area, groove, openings, process |
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| pssageway for blood vessels and nerves, joint formation, muscle attachement and contraction |
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| tublelike passageway or canal |
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| large, round protuberance |
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| smooth flate aricular surface |
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| large rounded, roughened projection |
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| 8 cranial bones, protect brain an house ear ossicles, muscle attachment for jaw, neck and facial muscles |
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| protect delicate sense organs, smell, taste, vision, supports entrances to degestinve and respirtory systems |
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| frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital |
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forehead, roof of orbits, and anterior cranial floor, frontal suture gone by age 6, supraorbital margin an fontal sinus |
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| sides and roof of cranical cavity(protects brain) |
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| temporal squama, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus(outer part of ear bone), mastoid process, styloid process, madibular fossa(where jaw joints comes together) |
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| carotid foramen, jugular foramen |
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| foramen magnum, occiptial condyle,external occipital protuberance |
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| base of skull, pterygoid processses are attachement sites for jaw muscles |
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| sphenoid in anterior view |
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| body is cubelike portion holding sphenoid sinuses, greatere and lesser wings,pterygoid processes |
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| sphenioid from superior view |
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| lesser wing and greater wing, stella turcica holds pituitary gland, optic foramen |
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| cranial gloor, lateral nasal, walls and nasal septum, cribriform plate and olfactory foramina, crista galli for attachement of membranes cover the brain |
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| lateral masses contain ethmoid sinuses, perpendicular plate is upper part of nasal septum, superior and middle nasal concha or turbinates( filters and warms air) |
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| 2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine,2 inferior nasal conchae, vomer |
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| floor of orbit, gloor of nasal cavity or hard palate,maxillary sinus, alveolar process hold upper teeth, cleft palate is lack of union of maxillary bones |
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| cheekbones, lateral walls of orbit along with sphenoid, part of zygomatic arch along with part of temporal |
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| part of medial wall of orbit, lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac |
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| L-shaped, one end is back part of hard palate, other end is part of orbit |
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| prosterior part of nasal septum |
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| body, angle an rami, condrylar and coronoid process, alveolar processes for lower teeth, mandibular and mental foramen |
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| lambdoid suture unites parietal and occiptial, sagittal suture unites 2 parietal bones, coronal suture unites frontal and both parietal bones, squamous suture unites parietal and temporal bones |
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| paired cavities in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary, lined with mucous membranes and open into nasal cavity, resonationg chambers for voice, lighten the skull |
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| inflammaitoin of hte membrane(allergy) |
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| largest forameina of the skull |
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| through which the optic nerve travels |
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| roof is frontal and sphenoid, lateral wall is zygomatic and sphenoid, floor is maxilla, zygomatic and sphenoid, orbital tissures and optic foramen |
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| divides nasal cavity into left and right sides, formed by vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and septal cartilare, devieated septum does( developmental abnormality or trauma) |
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| U-shaped single bone, articulates with no other bone of the body,, suspended by ligament and muscle from skull, supporsts the tongue and provides attachement for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles |
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| backbone or spine built of 26 vertbrae |
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| cervical vertebral, thoracic vertabrae, lumbar vertabrea, sacrum, coccyx |
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| typical cervical vertebrae(c3-c7) |
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| smaller bodies, larger spinal canal, transverse processes, shorter transverse foreman for vertebral artery, spinous processes of c2 to c6 often bifid, 1st and 2nd cervical vertrae are unique( atlas and axis) |
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| ring of bone, superior facets or occipital condyles, nodding movement at atlanto, oppicital joints signifies "yes" |
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| dens or odontoid process is body of atlas, pivotal movement at atlanto, axial joints signifies "no" |
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| Thoracic Vertebrae(T1-T12) |
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| larger and strronger bodies, longer transverse and spinous processes, facets or demifacts on body for head of rib, facets on transverse processes(T1-T10) for tubercle of rib |
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| strongest and largest, short thick spinous and transverse processes(back musclulature) |
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| union of 5 vertebrae(s1-s50 by) age of 30(median sacral crest was spinous process), sacral ala is fused transverse process, sacral canal, auricular suface and sacral tuberosity of SI joint |
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| union of 4 vertebrae (co1-co4) by age 30 |
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| bony cage flattened from front to back, sternum(breastbone), ribs, costal cartilage |
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| 1-7 are true(vertebrosternal), 8-12 are false(vertebrochondral), 11-12 are floating |
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| dynamic and ever-changing throughout ife, skeleton composed of many different tissue, cartilage, bone tissue, epithelium, nerve, blood forming tissue, adipose, and dense connective tissue |
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| supporting and protecting soft tissues, attachement site for muscles making movement possible, storage of hte minerals, calcium and phospahete mineral homeostatsis, blood cell production occures in red bone marrow, energy storage in yellow bone marrow |
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