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| Osteoarthritis of the knee |
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| Osteoporosis - picture frame |
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Acromegaly -
scalloping with enlarged bodies |
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| Congenital Dislocation of hips |
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| Main shaftlike portion; primary center of ossification |
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| ends of the bone; secondary center of ossification |
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| cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphyses; growth plate |
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| fracture of the growth plate |
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| Newly formed bone at the end of diaphysis where the diaphysis and epiphyses fuse together |
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| the matrix of compact bone |
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| spongy bone composed of marrow filled spaces separated by trabeculae |
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| concentric circles of compact bone |
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1. Support system
2. Protect vital organs
3. Serve as levers for muscles
4. Production of RBCs in the red marrow
5. Storehouse for calcium |
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| contains dense connective tissue; no movement (skull bones) |
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| dense connective tissue and cartilage; slight movement (intervertebral, symphasis pubis, dital tibfib joint) |
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| fibrous, no movement (skull sutures, ribs with sternum) |
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| cartilaginous, some movement (dital tibfib joint) |
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| synovial, freely moving (elbow, hip) |
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-"brittle bones"
-Inherited disorder of connective tissue
-Causes bizarre deformities
-wormian bones
-mimics child abuse
-flattened vertebral bodies
-use lesser kV |
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-most common form of dwarfism
-results from reduction in the reproduction of cartilage cells in the growth plates
-short limbs, large head, saddle nose
-increase kV |
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| most common form of dwarfism |
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| Results from the reduction in the reproduction of cartilage cells in the growth plate |
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| Characterized by short limbs, large head, saddle nose and juttin jaw |
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-endocrine disorder
-increased secretion of GH
-characterized by: thick and coarse bones, enlarged sella turcica, skull changes, prominent forehead and jutting jaw, widened teeth, abnormally large hands, coarse facial features |
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| An endocrine disorder that results in over secretion of growth hormone |
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-results from excessive production of thyroid hormone
-calcium is dumped in the blood, from the bones
-leads to bone destruction and renal calculi
-decreased bone density in phalanges and clavicles
-aka osteoitis fibrosa cystica |
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| also known as osteoitis fibrosa cystica |
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| Results from excessive production of thyroid hormone |
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| Causes bones to dump calcium into the blood to be absorbed in the GI and kidneys |
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- caused by loss of blood supply to bone
- femoral head is the most common site |
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| Caused by the loss of blood supply to bone |
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-widened malignancy of plasma cells
-associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure and recurrent infections
-attacks intramedullary canal of the diaphysis
-multiple punched out osteolytic lesions scattered throughout skeletal system
-flat bones containing red marrow are primarily affected |
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| Causes multiple punched out oseteolytic lesions scattered throughout the skeletal system |
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| Associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure and recurrent infections |
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-most common malignant bone tumors
-spread via the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels
-blow outs |
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| Most common malignant bone tumors |
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| single large metastatic focus that may appear as an expansive trabeculated lesion |
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-malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin
-may stem from an ostepchondroma or endochondroma
-commonly occur in long bones but often originate in a rib, scapula or vertebra |
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| Malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin |
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-malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones
-ill defined permeative area of bone destruction that involves a large central portion of the shaft of a long bone |
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| Malignant tumor arising inthe bone marrow of long bones |
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-generally occurs in the end of a long bone in the metaphysis
-sunburst pattern
-Codman's triangle |
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| Takes on a sunburst pattern |
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| thin periosteal elevation and subsequent new bone formation at periphery of the neoplastic lesion |
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-most common in femur and tibia
-oroginate in osteoblastic cells
-less than 1.5cm in diameter
-has a double density
-has a lucent center (nidus) |
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-true, fluid filled cyst with a wall of fibrous tissue
-not a true neoplasm, but can resemble one
-appears as a lucent lesion with an oval configuration with its long axis parallel to the host bone |
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| A true, fluid filled cyst with a wall of fibrous tissue |
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-over deposit of calcium
-common in pelvis and upper femora
-appear in every bone except the skull |
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| An over deposit of calcium common in the pelvis and upper femora |
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-benign cartilaginous tumor arising from medullary cavity
-found in children and young adults
-involve primarily small bones of hands and feet
-expands bone locally and often leads to pathologic fractures |
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| Benign cartilaginous tumor arising from the medullary cavity |
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-osteoclastomas
-Benign tumor that typically arises at the end of the distal femur or proximal ibia after epiphyseal closure
-produces characteristic appearance of multiple large bubble separated by thin strips of bone |
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-most often arise in outer table of skulls and mandible
-appear as well circumscribed, extremely dense, round lesions
-rarely more than 2cm diameter |
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-"marble bones"
-increased bone density but bone marrow does not form and bones become brittle
-can be fatal in utero
-symmetric, generalized increase in bone density
-increase exposure factors to compensate for increase in bone formation |
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| -twisting and curvature of spine laterally |
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-posterior defect of spinal canal resulting in split in vertebral arch
-slight dimpling or tuft of hair indicates the site
-meningocele
-meningomyelocele
-chiari II malformation leads to hydrocephalus |
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| herniation of meninges and portion of spinal cord or nerve roots |
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-pyogenic organisms gain entry into joint
-most commonly caused by Lyme disease
-soft tissue swelling
-joint space narrowing caused by rapid destruction of articular cartilage
-joint ankylosis |
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-involves the hip, knee and spine
-Pott's disease=tuberculosis of the spine
-causes narrowing of intervertebral discs
-progressive vertebral collapse and anterior wedging with kyphosis
-lytic lesion without periosteal elevation |
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| tuberculosis of the spine |
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-inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infection in the blood stream
-not evident radiographically until day 10
-metaphyseal lucency
-peristeum elevates and a involvrum is formed
-CT & MRI are best ways to diagnose |
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-variant of RA
-begins in the SI joints
-involves the spine; progressive from the lumbar spine upwards
-destroys articular cartilage
-bamboo spine
-limitation of activity leads to generalized skeletal osteoporosis and fractures |
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-veriant of RA
-primarily affects young adult men
-characterized by arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis
-involes SI joints, heel and toes
-asymmetric
-erosive |
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-chronic systemic disease
-unknown cause
-imflammatory arthritis of small joints of hands and feet
-mainly IPs
-uniform/symmetric narrowing of joints
-fibrous scarring causes ankylosis
-commonly causes ulnar deviation of the hands
-in cervical spine, produces atlantoaxial sublaxation (partial dislocation) |
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-inflammation of the bursa
-radiographic sign=calcium in adjacent tendons
-decrease kV to better demonstrate Ca deposits |
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-characterized by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation
-caused by "wear & tear" of aging
-predominantly affects weight bearing joints
-narrowing of joint spaces is irregular
-development of osteophytes
-Heberden's nodes |
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-variant of RA
-destruction of DIPs by erosion
-produces asymmetric destruction
-causes little or no periarticular osteoporosis |
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rotator cuff = teres minor, infraspinatus and subscapularis muscles
-demonstrated thru arthography |
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-caused by wear and tear
-MRI is modality of choice |
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-generalized or localized deficiancy of bone matrix
-caused by accelerated reabsorption of bone related to aging and postmenopausal hormonal changes
-cortical thinning producing a "picture frame" pattern |
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-insufficient mineralization of adult skeleton attributed to inadequate intake of calcium, phosphorus and vit D
-"bone softening"
-possible causes: kidney disorder, malabsorption synfrome and inability to absorb vit D
-bones look spongelike and cortical borders of spine are fuzzy
-can cause bowing deformaties |
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| Bones look spongelike and cortical borders are fuzzy |
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-increased acid in blood leads to deposition of uric acid crystals in joints, cartilage and kidneys
-extremely painful arthritis that initially attacks a single joint, usually 1st MTP joint
-tophi=clumps of urate crystals that erode underlying bone
-"rat bites" |
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| increased uric acid in blood leads to deposition of uric acid crystals in joints, cartilage and kidneys |
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-osteomalcia in children
-caused by deficiancy of vit D in diet or lack of exposure to UV radiation
-best visualized at sternal ends of ribs, proximal ends of tibia & humerus and dital ends of radius & ulna
-cupping of metaphyseal ends of bone
-metaphyseal lines disappear
-"rickety rosary"
-pigeon breast |
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-proliferation of fibrous tissue within the medullary cavity
-loss of trabecular markings and widening of bone
-primarily in long bones
-ground-glass density |
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| Gives bones a "ground-glass" density |
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| proliferation of fibrous tissue within the medullary cavity |
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-aka osteitis deformans
-destruction of bone followed by a reparative process
-weakened, deformed and thickened boney structures that fracture easily
-results in a mottled, cotton-wool appearance
-blade of grass appearance in long bones
-possible compression of brainstem |
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| Results in a mottles, cotton-wool appearance |
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| "blade of grass" appearance in long bones |
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-results in the injestion of lead containing materials or occupational inhalation of lead fumes
-high concentrations of lead are deposited in the most rapidly growing portions of the skeleton
-lead lines across metaphyses of long bones and margins of flat bones |
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-benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap
-arises in childhood and teen years
-grows laterally from epiphysis |
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| Grows laterally from epiphysis |
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-intervertebral disc narrowing
-bony sclerosis
-vacuum phenomenon |
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| Degenerative Disc Disease |
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Definition
-slipped disc
-caused by injury or age |
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| -displacement of one vertebrae over another |
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| displacement of one vertebrae over another |
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-broken pars interarticularis (neck of scottie dog)
-no displacement of vertebrae |
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| Broken pars interarticularis with no displacement of vertbrae |
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| a cleft in the pars interarticularis between the superior and inferior articular processes in the vertbra |
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| A deposit of uric acid in the joint |
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| a malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin that may originate anew or within a preexsisting cartilaginous lesion |
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| abnormal decrease in bone density due to lack of calcium deposits |
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Definition
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| arises in the bone marrow of long bones and affects younf adults |
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| benign bone projection with a cartilaginous cap |
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| caused by vitamin deficiency in children |
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| classic "sunburts" pattern with elevated periosteum |
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| Concentraion deposited in the rapidly growing portions of bones, especially the metaphyses |
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| failure of cartilage to form properly, resulting in dwarfism |
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| infection of the bone and its marrow |
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| inflammation of the fluid-filled sac usually dut to repeated physical activity |
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| lack of neural tube closure |
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| most commonly affects the thoracic and lumbar spaine with poorly marginated bone destruction often associated with an abcess |
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| proliferation of fibrous tissue in the medullary cavity |
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| rupture of central nucleus pulposus, most frequently L4-L5 |
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Definition
| herniated intervertebral disk |
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| true fluid-filled area surrounded by a fibrous wall |
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