Axial Skeleton

 (Divided in 2)

Axial(blue): forms the longitudinal axis of the body

Appendicular(red): forms the limbs and attached them to the Axial Skeleton. [image]

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Skull

(Two sets of bones)

-Cranium:Protects the brain

-Facial Bones:Holds eyes and facial muscles for expression[image]

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Sutures

Bones are held together

-Immovable joints.

-Only the mandible is attached by a movable joint.

 [image]

Skull:Cranium

(Frontal bone)

-Forms the forehead

-Eyebrows

-Back of each eye's orbit

[image]

Skull: Cranium

(Pariental Bone)

-Form of the most of the upper and side walls

-Meet in the midline

             Sagittal suture

-Meet the Front bone

             Coronal suture

[image]

Skull:cranium

(Temporal Bones)

Under the parietal bone

       squamous sutures

Bone markings

-External auditory meatus -Styloid process

-Zygomatic process          -Mastoid process

[image]

[image]

Skull: Cranium

(Occipital Bone)

-Forms the floor and back wall of the skull

-Joins the Parietal bones 

       Lamboid suture

Bone Marking

-Foramen Magnum

-Occipital condyles

[image]

[image] 

Skull: Cranium

(Sphenoid bone)

+Spans the width of the skull

+Forms the floor of the cranial cavity

+Bone Marking

-Sella Turcica

-Foramen Ovale

-Sphenoid Sinuses

[image]

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Skull: Cranium

(Ethmoid bone)

+In front of the sphenoid bone

+Form the roof of the nasal cavity

+Bone Markings:

-Crista galli

-Cribriform plates

[image][image]

Facial bones

14(6 pairs 2 solo)

Maxillae-/Maxillary bones 

+Forms Upper jaw

+"Key Stone" bone of the face

+Bone Markings

-Pataline processes

-Maxillary sinuses 

[image]

Paranasal Sinuses

Four paired, air filled spaces around the nasal cavity
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Palatine bone

-Behind the palatine process

-Form the back od the hand palate

-Cleft palate: if they fail the fuse[image]

[image]

Zygomatic bone

-Cheekbone

-Large portion of the sides of the orbits(eyesockets)

[image]

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Lacrimal Bone

-Form part of the medial walls of each orbit

-Has a groove for tears

        Lacrimal =tear

[image]

Nasal Bone

Bridge of the nose   

[image]

Vomer Bone

-Bone in the middle of the nasal cavity

-Divide between the nostrils

[image]

Inferior Conchae

-Thin curved bones coming out of the walls of the nasal cavity

-Superior and middle conchae are similar  but are part of the ethmoid bone

[image]

Mandible

-Lower jaw

-Largest and strongest face bone

-Joins the temporal bones on each side at the mandibular fossa

-Only movable joint in the skull

[image]

Vertebra column

-Extend to the skull to the pelvis

-26 irregular

-Spinal cord runs through the central cavity of the Vertebra for protection

-[image]

intervertebral disc

+Fibrocartilage disc that separates each vertebra

+Most water(90%) spongy and compressible

+Spinal curvates

-Primary curvates

-Secondary curvates

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Common Features in vertebrae

Centrum/Body

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Specific features in Cervical Vertebrae

Atlas(C1)

Axis(C2)

SFinCV

-Spinous processes are short and branched (Y)    

-Have transverse foramina on either side

Atlas

-has no body and has top has largest processes for the Occiipital condyles on the skull

Axis

-Has large upright process

[image][image]

Specific features in Thoaric Vertebrae

-"Typical" vertabrae

-Larger than cervical

-Spinous process is long and hook downward.

[image]

Specific Features of Lumbar Vertebrae

-Have large block-like bodies

-Most sturdy of the vertebrae

-Spinous processes are short and hatchet-shaped

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Sacrum

-Fusion of 5 vertebrae

-Alae: winglikesides

            Articulate with the hip bone

            Sacroiliac joints

Bone Markings

-Median Sacral Crest

-Dorsal Sacral Foramina
[image]

Coccyx

-Fushion of 4 vertebrae

-Human "tailbone"
[image]

Bony Thorax

Forms a protective cage around the organs of the cavity

        -Lungs and heart

Form from 3 sets of bones: sternum, ribs & thoracic vertebrae

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Sterum

-Breastbone and flat bone

[image]

Ribs