Term
| What are the paired cranial bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the processes of the temporal bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the mastoid process? |
|
Definition
| serves as an attachment point for cervical muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the styloid process? |
|
Definition
| serves as an attachment point for various muscles and ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Describe where and what the mastoid process is. |
|
Definition
| a conical shaped protrusion on the temporal bone lateral to the styloid process |
|
|
Term
| Describe where and what the styloid process is. |
|
Definition
| a needle-like protrusion on the temporal bone just below the ear and medial to the mastoid process |
|
|
Term
| What are the cranial unpaired bones? |
|
Definition
| frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
|
|
Term
| What are some notable features on the occipital bone? |
|
Definition
| occipital condyles and the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the occipital condyles? |
|
Definition
| articulate with the first cervical bone, the atlas, which connects the skull with the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
| allows the lower part of the brain stem to exit the skull and enter the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Describe where and what the occipital condyles are. |
|
Definition
| large bumps located inferiorly to the occipital bone and laterally on either side of the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Describe where and what the foramen magnum is. |
|
Definition
| a large hole located inferiorly to the occipital bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the external occipital protuberance? |
|
Definition
| a bump located posteriorly on the occipital bone (easily seen on bald people) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of the sphenoid bone. |
|
Definition
| irregularly shaped, sometimes described as a butterfly or bat |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the sphenoid bone? |
|
Definition
| it consists a large part of the cranial base in addition to making many articulations |
|
|
Term
| Why is the sphenoid considered the "keystone" of the skull? |
|
Definition
| it makes many articulations with other bones of the cranium, meaning that without it there would be no skull |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the hypophyseal fossa? |
|
Definition
| is houses the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Where is the hypophyseal fossa located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe where the ethmoid bone is located and how it looks. |
|
Definition
| it is situated between the cranium and the face and has a very irregular shape |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the crista galli and cribriform plate? |
|
Definition
| they serve as an attachment for connective tisssue that supports the brain and allows for passage of the olfactory nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the ethmoid bone? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the nasal cavity and its lateral walls |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the middle concha? |
|
Definition
| it contributes to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| Where is the middle concha located? |
|
Definition
| on the lateral side of the ethmoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the perpendicular plate? |
|
Definition
| it contributes to the nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| Where is the perpendicular plate located? |
|
Definition
| it is located medially in the ethmoid bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a seamlike immovable junction between two bones of the skull |
|
|
Term
| What are the sutures of the skull called? |
|
Definition
| sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, and squamous |
|
|
Term
| Describe the sagittal suture. |
|
Definition
| a seam formed between the joining of the left and right sides of the parietal bones |
|
|
Term
| Describe the coronal suture. |
|
Definition
| a seam formed between the joining of the two parietal bones and the frontal bone |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lambdoid suture. |
|
Definition
| a seam formed between the joining of the two parietal bones and the occipital bone |
|
|
Term
| Describe the squamous suture. |
|
Definition
| a seam formed between the joining of the temporal, parietal, and sphenoid bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense membraneous connective tissue in place of sutures found in young children |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of fontanelles? |
|
Definition
| allows the skull to keep expanding in order to allow for growth during early stages of development |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a suture and a fontanelle? |
|
Definition
| a suture is a seamed joint between two bones of the skull found in adults while a fontanelle is a soft spot of connective tissue where a suture has not yet formed in young children |
|
|
Term
| Where are fontanelles located? |
|
Definition
| anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle, mastoidal fontanelle, and sphenoidal fontanelle |
|
|
Term
| Locate the parietal bone.[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate the temporal bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate the frontal bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Locate the occipital bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the occipital condyes and the foramen magnum.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the sphenoid bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the hypophyseal fossa (AKA sella turcica). [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the ethmoid bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the major features of the ethmoid bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the sutures of the skull. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the anterior and posterior fontanelles. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the major features of the mandible. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| it holds the lower teeth and forms the temporomandibular joint |
|
|
Term
| How is the temporomandibular joint formed? |
|
Definition
| it is formed by the articulations of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone with the condyle of the mandible |
|
|
Term
| What are the significant features of the mandible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where and what is the coronoid process? |
|
Definition
| a flattened triangular projection located superiorly and laterally on the mandible which serves as an attachment site for a muscle of mastication |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the vomer bone? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| What are the unpaired facial bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the paired facial bones? |
|
Definition
| maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal concha |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the maxilla? |
|
Definition
| it forms the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth |
|
|
Term
| What can happen if the maxilla doesn't fuse together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the zygomatic bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nasal bone? |
|
Definition
| forms the bony bridge of the nose |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lacrimal bone? |
|
Definition
| allows for passageway of tears into the nose |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the palatine bone? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the hard palate |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the inferior nasal concha? |
|
Definition
| it helps increase surface area of scent receptors in the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 bones that make up the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid |
|
|
Term
| How does the frontal bone articulate in the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| it forms the superior wall |
|
|
Term
| How does the sphenoid bone articulate in the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the lateral wall |
|
|
Term
| How does the zygomatic bone articulate in the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the lateral wall |
|
|
Term
| How does the maxilla bone articulate in the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the inferior wall |
|
|
Term
| How does the palatine bone articulate in the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the inferior wall |
|
|
Term
| How does the lacrimal bone articulate in the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the medial wall |
|
|
Term
| How does the ethmoid bone articulate in the orbital cavity? |
|
Definition
| it forms part of the medial wall |
|
|
Term
| What structures form the nasal septum? |
|
Definition
| the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of the left lateral nasal wall? |
|
Definition
3 nasal concha:
2 from the ethmoid bone
1 is an inferior standalone paired facial bone |
|
|
Term
| What is a paranasal sinus? |
|
Definition
| a normal air filled cavity located next to the nasal region |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
| they serve to decrease the density of the skull, they increase the resonance of speaking and singing tones, and the mucosa serves to warm air as we breathe |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is increased pressure in the paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bone located inferiorly to the skull and not connected by any articulations but is rather suspended by muscular attachments |
|
|
Term
| What does the hyoid bone do? |
|
Definition
| it moves up and down with swallowing and speaking |
|
|
Term
| What are the major divisions of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacrum (5 fused), coccygeal (3-5 fused) |
|
|
Term
| What are the major divisions of the spinal column? |
|
Definition
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccylgeal |
|
|
Term
| How many vertebrae are in the cervical region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many vertebrae are in the sacral region? |
|
Definition
| five that are fused together |
|
|
Term
| How many vertebrae are in the coccygeal region? |
|
Definition
| three to five that are fused together |
|
|
Term
| What is a lordodic curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a kyphotic curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which spinal regions have a lordodic curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which spinal regions have a kyphotic curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of having concave and convex curves? |
|
Definition
| it creates a natural "spring" which helps to absorb shock while moving |
|
|
Term
| Do babies have reciprocal concave and convex curves? |
|
Definition
| they have only kyphotic (convex) curves until they get older and straighten their back to their natural curvatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a c or s-shaped spinal curvature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a "humpback" caused by a hyperkyphotic curve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a "swayback" caused by a hyperlordodic curve |
|
|
Term
| Identify the vomer. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the maxilla bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the zygomatic bones. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the nasal bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the lacrimal bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the palatine bone. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the inferior nasal concha. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the cervical region. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the thoracic reigon. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the lumbar region. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the sacral region. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the regions of the spine with lordodic curves. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the regions of the spine with kyphotic curves. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify what type of spinal malformation this is. [image] |
|
Definition
| scoliosis because of the s-shaped curve |
|
|
Term
| Identify what type of spinal malformation this is. [image] |
|
Definition
| kyphosis because of the exaggerated kyphotic curve causing the humpback |
|
|
Term
| Identify what type of spinal malformation this is. [image] |
|
Definition
| lordosis because of the exxagerated lordodic curve causing the swayback |
|
|
Term
| What is the vertebra generally composed of? |
|
Definition
| an anterior body and a posterior arch |
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior arch of the spine composed of? |
|
Definition
| two pedicles and two laminae |
|
|
Term
| How do the pedicles contribute to the arch of the spine? |
|
Definition
| they form the lateral wall of the arch by projecting posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| How do the laminae contribute to the arch of the spine? |
|
Definition
| they complete the arch by connecting medially |
|
|
Term
| What two processes are present on the vertebra? |
|
Definition
| transverse processes and spinous processes |
|
|
Term
| Where and what is the transverse process? |
|
Definition
| projections located laterally on either side of the spinal arch where the pedicle becomes the lamina |
|
|
Term
| Where and what is the spinous process? |
|
Definition
| a projection located posteriorly on the spinal arch where the two laminae fuse |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the spinal arch? |
|
Definition
| when stacked, the arches of the vertabrae form a vertebral foramen in which the spinal cord is housed and protected |
|
|
Term
| How do the vertebrae articulate with each other? |
|
Definition
| the superior articular process of one level articulate with the inferior articular process of the one above it |
|
|
Term
| What is the intervertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
| a space formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch of two adjoining vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the intervertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
| it allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal column |
|
|
Term
| What is an intervertebral disk? |
|
Definition
| a soft tissue, elastic structure located between every vertebra |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the intervertebral disks? |
|
Definition
| acts as spacers between the vertebrae and act as shock absorbers |
|
|
Term
| Identify the vertebral body. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the vertebral arch. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the pedicles. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the laminae. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the transverse processes. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the spinous processes. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the superior articular processes. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the intervertebral foramen. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the intervertebral disk. [image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first cervical vertebrae called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the atlas? |
|
Definition
| bears the weight of the head |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the cervical vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| bifid spinous processes and transverse foramen |
|
|
Term
| What are bifid spinous processes and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| they are spinous processes that split, almost like a forked tongue, located on the C2-C6 vertebrae, and they act as attachment sites for the muscular attachments that move our head and neck |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of transverse foramen and where are they found? |
|
Definition
| located on the cervical vertebrae, they allow passageway and protection of vertebral arteries that feed blood to the brain |
|
|
Term
| Describe what the atlas looks like. |
|
Definition
| oval shaped with NO vertebral body and no spinous process, instead has anterior tubercles, and also does not have articular processes |
|
|
Term
| What does the atlas have in place of articular processes? |
|
Definition
| articular facets which articulate with the occipital condyles and create the occipitoatlanic joint |
|
|
Term
Identify what bone this is.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second cervical vertebra called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe what the axis looks like. |
|
Definition
| kind of triangular shaped with a protrusion off the superior posterior end and a kind of blunted spinous process |
|
|
Term
| What is the Dens/odontoid process? |
|
Definition
| the protrusion off the superior posterior end of the axis bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose Dens? |
|
Definition
| forms an axis of rotation between the atlas and axis |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the joint formed between the atlas and axis? |
|
Definition
| gives the ability to turn the head |
|
|
Term
| What is the facet ordens? |
|
Definition
| a facet on the dens located on the axis bone which articulates with the facet on the atlas bone to create a joint |
|
|
Term
Identify this bone.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in body shape between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae? |
|
Definition
cervical are more square shaped
thoracic are more heart-shaped
lumbar are more kidney-shaped |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in spinous processed between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae? |
|
Definition
cervical have bifid spinous processes which point straight back
thoracic have spinous processes that point inferiorly
lumbar have spinous processes that are large, thick, and point straight back |
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic of the cervical vertebrae that sets it apart from the other vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae that sets it apart from the other vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| facets that articulate with ribs |
|
|
Term
Classify in order of descending size:
thoracic, cervical, lumbar |
|
Definition
1. lumbar
2. thoracic
3. cervical |
|
|
Term
| Describe what the sacrum looks like. |
|
Definition
| a wedge shaped bone, almost like an upside down triangle |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
| articulates with the pelvis to form the lateral wall and articulates with the L5 vertebra as a continuation of the spine |
|
|
Term
| What is the sacral canal? |
|
Definition
| a continuation of the vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
| What is the sacral foramina? |
|
Definition
| similar to intervertebral foramen; allows spinal nerves to pass through |
|
|
Term
| What is the sacral promontory? |
|
Definition
| where the center of gravity is found, anterior superior ridge you see projecting off the first sacral level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "wings" of the sacrum that project laterally to form joints with the pelvic bone |
|
|
Term
| Identify this bone as: cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae and how you know this. [image] |
|
Definition
| cervical because of the transverse foramina, the bifid spinous process, and the square shaped body [image] |
|
|
Term
Identify this bone as:
cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae
and how you know this.
[image] |
|
Definition
thoracic because of the heart shaped body and the inferiorly facing spinous processes
[image] |
|
|
Term
Identify this bone as:
cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae
and how you know this.
[image] |
|
Definition
lumbar because of the kidney shapey body and the straight spinous process
[image] |
|
|
Term
Identify the sacral canal, sacral foramina, sacral promontory, and the ala.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thoracic cage composed of? |
|
Definition
| thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs |
|
|
Term
| How do the ribs contribute to the thoracic cage? |
|
Definition
| they connect posteriorly with the vertebrae and anteriorly with the sternum via intercostal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What are true ribs and which ones are they? |
|
Definition
| ribs that attach directly to the sternum and are the first 7 ribs superiorly |
|
|
Term
| What are false ribs and which ones are they? |
|
Definition
| ribs that attach with the vertebral column but cartilage interfaces with cartilage of the one above and not the sternum and are ribs 8-10 |
|
|
Term
| What are floating ribs and which ones are they? |
|
Definition
| ribs that have no anterior anchor at all and are the last two ribs inferiorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dagger-shaped with three main divisions |
|
|
Term
| What are the main divisions of the sternum? |
|
Definition
| manubrium, body, and xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| Where and what is the manubrium? |
|
Definition
| the superior portion of the sternum, so named because it looks like the "handle of knife" |
|
|
Term
| Where and what is the xyphoid process? |
|
Definition
| the inferior portion of the sternum, so named because it looks like the "tip of sword" |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the angles of the sternum? |
|
Definition
| they serve as important landmarks for clinical or medical use |
|
|
Term
| How does the rib articulate with the vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| the head of the rib articulates with the facet on the spinal body and the tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse process |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the rib cage? |
|
Definition
| serves to protect vital organs and functions with the diaphragm like a set of bellows getting air in and out of lungs |
|
|
Term
Identify the true ribs.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the false ribs.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the floating ribs.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the head of rib, neck of rib, tubercle of rib, and shaft.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
