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| Frontal Process of the Maxillary Bone |
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| Zygomatic Process of the Maxillary Bone |
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| Superior Articulating Process |
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| Superior Articulating Facets |
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| Posterior Arch of the Atlas Vertebrae |
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| Inferior Articulating Process |
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| Inferior Articulating Facets |
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| Coronoid Process of the Mandible |
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| Cervical Vertebrae of the Spinal Column |
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| Anterior Arch of the Atlas |
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| Alveolar Process of the Maxilla |
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| Alveolar Process of the Mandible |
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| Frontal Process of the Temporal Bone |
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| Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone |
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| External Occipital Protuberance |
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| Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone |
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| Squamous Part of the Temporal Bone |
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| Grooves for Meningeal Vessels |
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| Squama of the Frontal Bone |
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| Zygomatic Process of the Frontal Bone |
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| Lesser Horn of the Hyoid Bone |
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| Greater Horn of the Hyoid Bone |
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| Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine |
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| Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine |
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| Anterior Superior Iliac Spine |
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| Anterior Superior Iliac Spine |
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| Conoid Tubercle or Coracoid Tuberosity |
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Right First Distal Phalanx
Right Second Distal Phalanx
Right Third Distal Phalanx
Right Fourth Distal Phalanx
Right Fifth Distal Phalanx |
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Definition
Right First Distal Phalanx
Right Second Distal Phalanx
Right Third Distal Phalanx
Right Fourth Distal Phalanx
Right Fifth Distal Phalanx |
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| Femoral Lateral (Left) and Medial (Right) Condyles |
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| Femoral Lateral (Left) and Medial (Right) Epicondyles |
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| Greater Sciatic Notch (Ilium) |
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| Humerus Intertubercular Groove |
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| Humerus Lateral Epicondyle |
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| Humerus Medial Epicondyle |
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Right First Metacarpal
Right Second Metacarpal
Right Third Metacarpal
Right Fourth Metacarpal
Right Fifth Metacarpal |
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Definition
Right First Metatarsal
Right Second Metatarsal
Right Third Metatarsal
Right Fourth Metatarsal
Right Fifth Metatarsal |
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Definition
Right Second Middle Phalanx
Right Third Middle Phalanx
Right Fourth Middle Phalanx
Right Fifth Middle Phalanx |
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Definition
Right Second Middle Phalanx
Right Third Middle Phalanx
Right Fourth Middle Phalanx
Right Fifth Middle Phalanx |
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| Articular Surface of the Patella |
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Definition
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Definition
| Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine |
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Definition
| Posterior Superior Iliac Spine |
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Definition
| Posterior Superior Iliac Spine |
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Definition
Right First Proximal Phalanx
Right Second Proximal Phalanx
Right Third Proximal Phalanx
Right Fourth Proximal Phalanx
Right Fifth Proximal Phalanx |
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Definition
Right First Proximal Phalanx
Right Second Proximal Phalanx
Right Third Proximal Phalanx
Right Fourth Proximal Phalanx
Right Fifth Proximal Phalanx |
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| Tibial Lateral (Left) and Medial (Right) Condyles |
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| Skeletal System Functions |
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Definition
Support
Storage of Minerals: 98% of body's calcium salts
Blood Cell Formation
Protection
Leverage - Movement |
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Term
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Definition
Cells and Solid Matrix(Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate)
2/3 of Bone Weight is Calcium Phosphate crystals which are brittle but resistant to compression
1/3 of bone weight is collagen fibers (strength and flexibility) |
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Term
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Definition
Osteoprogenitor Cells - stem cells -form new osteoblasts - inner and outer surfaces
Osteoblasts - immature cells - produce osteoid - inner and outer surfaces - making new bone is called osteogenesis
Osteocytes - immature cells - maintain bone - in lacunae
Osteoclasts - giant multinucleated cells - bone resorption by the process of osteolysis |
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Definition
Consists of trabeculae (spicules) - to absorb stress
Nutrients diffuse through marrow to cells |
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Definition
Osteons - structural units - weight baring pillars
Lacunae - canaliculi - osteocytes
Perforating canals
Concentric Lamellae
Central Canal
Periosteum
Endosteum
Interstitial Lamellae
Inner & Outer Circumferential Lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
Long Bones: shaft & two ends - thigh, legs, arms
Short Bones: roughly cube-like - wrist & ankle
Flat Bones: thin, flat - skull, scapula, & sternum
Irregular Bones: "none of the above" - vertebrae, face bones, etc.
Sesamoid Bones: inside of tendons - patella
Pneumatized Bones: hollow or numerous pockets - ethmoid |
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Proximal & Distal Epiphysis - Ends
Diaphysis - bone's shaft
Metaphysis - area between diaphysis & epiphysis
Articular Cartilage - hyaline cartilage - ends
Periosteum - connective tissue - outside
Endosteum - inner membrane
Medullary cavity - inner space - bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
Outer covering of bone
2 layers: inner cellular layer - osteogenic layer
outer fibrous layer - Sharpey's fibers
Continuous with deep fascia and muscle tendons |
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Term
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Definition
Inner cell layer lining the medullary cavity
usually one cell thick and may be incomplete
contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts |
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Term
| Bone Development and Growth |
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Definition
Embryo: bone starts forming 6 weeks after fertilization - bones are all cartilage or tissue prior to this
Ossification: replacing other tissue with bone
Calcification: deposition of calcium salts within a tissue - not bone formation
Two Types of Ossification
Intramembranous - for flat bones
Endochondral - for long bones |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
Forms flat bones
Fibrous Membranes
Ossification Centers
Double-Layer Periosteum - outside surfaces
Sponge bone sandwiched between compact bone |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
Most bones (esp long bones)
Start with hyaline cartilage
Primary Ossification Center - spongy bone inside
Outer Cartilage replaced with compact bone
Secondary Ossification Centers - at epiphyses
Hyaline cartilage remains only at "growth plates" & epiphyseal surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Length:
Occurs at epiphyseal plates
Cartilage grows on epiphyseal side (zone of proliferation) while ossification occurs on the diaphyseal side of the plate (zone of hypertrophy)
Appositional Growth (thickness)
Osteoblast: lay new bone on outside of shaft
Osteoclast: absorb bone on inside of shaft |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrient Artery & Vein: penetrate the shaft
Metaphyseal Vessels: diaphyseal surface of epiphyseal cartilage; enter at prox and dist end of bone
Epiphyseal Vessels: fill the numerous foramina
Perosteal Vessels: supply blood to superficial osteons of the shaft |
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Term
| Regulating Factors of Bone Growth |
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Definition
| Diet, Vitamins A, C, & D, Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Growth & Thyroid Hormone, Sex Hormones |
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Term
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Definition
2 Opposing Hormones: Calcitonin & PTH
Calcitonin: inhibits osteoclast activity and increases kidney excretion of calcium ion
PTH: stimulates osteoclast acitivity, increases intestinal absorption of calcium ion, and decreases kidney excretion of calcium ion |
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Term
| Seven Bones that make up the orbital complex |
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Definition
| Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla, Frontal, Palatine, Lacrimal, Zygomatic |
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Term
| Bones that make up the bony nasal septum |
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Definition
| Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid & Vomer |
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Term
| What does the Sella Turcica protect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What passes through the vertebral canal(foramen)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What passes through the intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bone articulates with the occipital condyles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal Curvature of the Spine and how it develops |
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Definition
| C-shape in utero, straightens at birth, then eventually forms into a reverse-S |
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Term
| Features that differentiate male pelvis from female (at least three) |
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Definition
*enlarged pelvic outlet
*less curvature on sacrum and coccyx
*wider, more circular pelvic outlet
*relatively broad, low pelvis
*ilia that project farther laterally
*broader pubic angle (greater than 100 degrees) |
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Term
| Functional Classifications of Joints |
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Definition
Synarthroses - immovable joints
Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses - freely moveable joints |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous
-Sutures: fibrous connective tissue hold bone together; interlocking bones; only skull bones
-Gomphosis: between teeth and alveolar fossa of the mandible/maxilla; periodontal ligaments
Cartilagenous
-Synchondrosis: cartilage plate between bones; epiphyseal plates (growth plate)
Bony Fusion
-Synostosis: bones fuse together; epiphyseal lines after growth plate closure |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous
-Syndesmosis: two bones connected by long connective tissue ligaments; interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
Cartilagenous
-Symphysis: bones connected by a pad of fibrous cartilage; pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
Synovial Joints
-end of long bones in upper and lower limbs
Six characteristics
-articular cartilage: joint surface
-a joint capsule
-a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
-a synovial membrane lining the joint capsule
-accessory structures; pads of fat, cartilage, ligaments
-sensory nerves and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Articular/Joint Capsule: surrounds the joint;
-two layers
*outer dense irregular connective tissue
*inner synovial membrane; alveolar connective tissue; produces synovial fluid
Articular Cartilage
-Hyaline
-Smooth
-Reduces friction
-Well lubricated
-Shock absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Lubrication
-provides lubrication of the articular cartilages at the ends of the bones
Nourishes the Chondrocytes
-compression and expansion movement forces fluid into and out of the cartilage - fluid circulation nourishes the cartilage cells
Acts as a Shock Absorber - cushions shocks in the joint |
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Term
| Synovial Joint Accessory Structures |
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Definition
Menisci (meniscus-singular) - articular discs of fibrous cartilage for tighter fit between bones
Fat Pads - provides protection and packing material
Intracapsular Ligaments - strengthen and reinforce joint; within the joint and separate from the capsule
Extracapsular Ligaments - embedded within the articular capsule but outside the capsule
Bursae - fluid filled pockets where tendons or ligaments rub against tissue; may or may not be connected to the joint capsule; lined with synovial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Intracapsular Ligaments
-Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
-Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
Extracapsular Ligaments
-Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament
-Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament
Menisci
-Medial Meniscus
-Lateral Meniscus |
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