Term
| How many bones comprise the adult human vertebral column? |
|
Definition
26
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx |
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Term
| How many bones comprise the fetal vertebral column? |
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Definition
33
Inferiorly, nine of these eventually fuse to form two composite bones, the sacrum and the coccyx |
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Term
| Why are there different numbers of vertebrae between an adult and a fetal vertebral column? |
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Definition
| The sacrum and the coccyx fuse in adults |
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Term
| What structures are present in the spaces between adjacent vertebrae? |
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Definition
| intervertebral discs - a cushionlike pad composed of two parts. The inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus and the anulus fibrosis |
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Term
| Describe three functions of the vertebral column or spine. |
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Definition
-serves as the axial support of the trunk where it transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
- surrounds and protects the spinal cord
-provides attachment points for the ribs and for the muscles of the back and neck |
|
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Term
| What are the five major divisions of the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx |
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Term
| How many vertebrae are normally present in each division or region? |
|
Definition
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral -5 fused
Coccyx - 4 fused |
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Term
| Viewing the vertebral column from the side there are four curvatures of the spine. Name them and note if they are concave or convex posteriorly. |
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Definition
Cervical curvature - concave
Thoracic curvature- convex
Lumbar curvature- concave
Sacral curvature - convex |
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Term
| What are the primary curvatures of the spine? |
|
Definition
Thoracic and Sacral curvatures - Well developed at birth
convex posteriorly |
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Term
| What are the secondary curvatures of the spine? |
|
Definition
Cervical - develops about 3 months
and Lumbar - develops when the baby begins to walk around 12 months
concave posteriorly |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region |
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Term
|
Definition
| a dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an accentuated lumbar curvature (swayback) |
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Term
| Name the condition in which there is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the condition in which there is an exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the condition in which there is an exaggerated lumbar curvature of the vertebral column. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| Anterior and Posterior longitudinal ligaments |
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Term
| Explain how the Anterior Longitudinal ligament is orientated and its function. |
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Definition
| Anterior Longitudinal ligament is strongly attached to the bony vertebrae and the discs. Its supporting role is to help prevent hyperextension of the spine (bending too far backward). |
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Term
| Explain how the Posterior Longitudinal ligament is orientated and its function. |
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Definition
| The Posterior Longitudinal ligament attaches only to the discs - is narrow and relatively weak. It resists hyperflexion of the spine (bending too sharply forward) |
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Term
| What are the nucleus pulposis and the anulus fibrosis? |
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Definition
nucleus polposis - acts like a rubber ball, giving the disc its elasticity and compressibility.
Anulus fibrosis - "ring of fibers" a collar composed of collagen fibers which surrounds the nucleus pulposis. It limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposis when the spine is compressed. |
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Term
| What is a herniated disc and why is one so painful? |
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Definition
| Usually involves rupture of the anulus fibrosis followed by protrusion of the spongy nucleus pulposus through the anulus. If the protrusion presses on the spinal cord or on spinal nerves exiting from the cord, numbness and excruciating pain may result. |
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Term
| Common features of vertebrae |
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Definition
body (=centrum)
pedicle
lamina
vertebral arch (=2 pedicles + 2 laminae)
vertebral foramen
spinous process
transverse processes
superior articular processes
inferior articular processes
facets if the articular processes |
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Term
| The spinous and transverse processes are attachment sites for ___________________? |
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Definition
| Muscles that move the vertebral column and for ligaments that stabilize it. |
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Term
| What passes through the vertebral canal? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What passes through the intervertebral foramina? |
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Definition
| The spinal nerves issuing from the spinal cord pass through these foramina |
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Term
| What are three types of movements that can occur between vertebrae? |
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Definition
1) flexion and extension (anterior bending and posterior straightening of the spine)
2) lateral flexion (bending the upper body to the right or left)
3) rotation (in which vertebrae rotate on one another in the longitudinal axis of the spine |
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Term
| What passes through the traverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
| Each traverse process contains a transverse foramen through which the vertebral arteries pass to service the brain |
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Term
| Which vertebra is called the ¨vertebra prominens? |
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Definition
C7
The spinous process is palpable through the skin and the C7 can be used as a landmark for counting vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| short bony pillars projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body, form the sides of the arch |
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Term
|
Definition
| flattened plates that fuse in the median plane, complete the arch posteriorly |
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Term
|
Definition
| a median projection arising at the junctionof the two laminae |
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Term
|
Definition
| extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch |
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Term
| What joint allows you to nod your head (yes)? |
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Definition
| The superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles of the skull. |
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Term
| What joint allows you to rotate your head? |
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Definition
| The inferior articular facets form joints with the axis. The dens acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas. This joint allows you to rotate your head from side to side. |
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Term
|
Definition
- identified as C1-C7
- smallest and lightest vertebrae |
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Term
|
Definition
- first cervical vertebra
- lacks body and spinous process
- has two concave superior articular facets, which articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull
- also has two inferior articular surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
- no disc between the Atlas and Axis
- has tooth-like dens |
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Term
|
Definition
- oval body
- spinous process is short and has bifid notch (except C7)
- vertebral foramen is large and generally triangular
- have transverse foramina (a hole in each transverse process) |
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Term
|
Definition
T1-T12; all articulate with ribs
- each has a long, pointed spinous process that is slanted downward
- vertebral foramen is circular
- have a pair of demifacets on each side of the body (=costal demifacets) which articulate with the head of ribs (exception: bodies of T10-T12 have only a single facet on each side to receive a rib)
- except for T11 and T12, transverse processes have facets that articulate with the tubercles of ribs |
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Term
|
Definition
- L1 to L5
- large, "chunky" body
- short, thick spinous process that is nearly horizontal
- lack transverse foramina and costal demifacets |
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Term
| Which part of the vertebral column supports more weight? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
- auricular surfaces
- sacral promontory
- sacral foramina
- medial sacral crest
- sacral canal
- sacral hiatus
- transverse ridges |
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Term
| How many fused vertebrae form the sacrum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do the auricular surfaces articulate with and what joint is formed there? |
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Definition
| the sacrum articulates, via its auricular surfaces, with the two hip bones to form the sacroiliac joints of the pelvis |
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Term
| What features of the sacrum result from the fusion of the sacral vertebrae and are they on the dorsal or ventral surface of the sacrum? |
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Definition
| Transverse ridges and ventral surface (anteriorly) |
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Term
| What is the common name for coccyx? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many fused vertebrae form the coccyx? |
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Definition
| Consists of four (or in some cases three to five) vertebrae fused together |
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Term
| What are three functions of the thoracic cage? |
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Definition
1) Protective cage around vital organs
2) Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
3) provides attachment points for many muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders |
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Term
| What is the common name for the sternum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many separate bones fuse to form the sternum and what are their names? |
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Definition
3 bones
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process |
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Term
| What bones does the manubrium articulate with? |
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Definition
| clavicles (via clavicular notches) laterally and just below this, it articulates with the first two pairs of ribs |
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Term
| How many pairs of ribs are present in the thoracic cage? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Distinguish between true ribs, false ribs and how many if each are present in the thoracic cage? |
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Definition
- True ribs (1-7) attach to the sternum - also known as Vertebrosternal ribs
- False ribs (8-12) attach indirectly o the sternum or entirely lack a sternal attachment. Also called vertebrochondral ribs
Rib pairs 11 & 12 have no anterior attachments and are called floating ribs or vertebral ribs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What part of the rib articulates with the facets on the bodies of the vertebrae? |
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Definition
| "Wedge" shaped head, the posterior end articulates with the vertebral bodies by two facets |
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Term
| What part of the rib articulates with facets on the transverse process of a vertebrae? |
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Definition
| Knoblike tubercle articulates with the costal facet of the transverse process |
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Term
| What bones comprise the pectoral girdle? |
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Definition
| Consists of the clavicle anteriorly and the scapular posteriorly |
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Term
| What part of the pectoral girdle is directly attached to the Axial skeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of the ends of the clavicles and what do they articulate with? |
|
Definition
Sternal end - Medial - Attaches to the sternum
Acromial end - Lateral - Articulates with the scapula |
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Term
|
Definition
Superior border
medial border (=vertebral border)
lateral border (= axillary border)
glenoid cavity
anterior surface
posterior surface
spine
acromion
coracoid process
subscapular fossa |
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Term
| Is the Glenoid cavity medial or lateral? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is the spine of the scapula ventral (anterior) or dorsal (posterior)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cavity that articulates with the humerus of the arm, forming the shoulder joint. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What bone does the acromion articulate? |
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Definition
| Acromion end of the clavicle |
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Term
| Explain why shoulder dislocations are relatively common. |
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Definition
| The socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is shallow and poorly enforced, so it does not restrict the movement of the humerus (arm bone). Although this arrangement is good for flexibility, it is bad for stability. |
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Term
| Humerus (features) - Proximal end |
|
Definition
head
greater tubercle (lateral)
lesser tubercle (anterior surface)
intertubercular sulcus
anatomical neck
surgical neck
deltoid tuberosity (on the shaft) |
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|
Term
| Humerus (features) - Distal end |
|
Definition
trochlea (medial, on same side as head)
capitulum (lateral)
coronoid fossa (anterior, same side as lesser tubercle)
olecranon fossa (posterior, deeper than the coronoid fossa)
medical and lateral epicondyles |
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Term
| Is the lesser tubercle anterior or posterior? |
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Definition
| Anterior surface of the humerus |
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Term
| The head of the humerus fits into or articulates with what part of what bone? |
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Definition
| The head of the humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder (glenoid cavity) |
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Term
| Is the olecranon fossa anterior or posterior? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the humerus is most frequently fractured - the anatomical neck or the surgical neck? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What lies within the intertubercular sulcus? |
|
Definition
| The intertubercular sulcus guides a tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm to its attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity |
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|
Term
| What is the significance of the deltoid tuberosity? |
|
Definition
| Attachment site for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder |
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|
Term
| What is the significance of the medial and lateral epicondyles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Your subject is in the anatomical position. Of the two bones, Radius and Ulna, which of these two bones is lateral? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Between the Radius and the Ulna, Which of these two bones is superior to the thumb side of the hand? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the Radius and the Ulna along their entire length? |
|
Definition
| interosseous membrane - a flat and flexible ligament |
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Term
| What happens to the Radius and the Ulna when you rotate your forearm so that the palms face posteriorly? |
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Definition
| When you rotate your forearm so that the palms face posteriorly (a movement called pronation), the distal end of the radius crosses over the ulna and the two bones form an X |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Proximal end
olecranon process
coronoid process
trochlear notch
Distal end
styloid process |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Proximal end
head
radial tuberosity
Distal end
styloid process |
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|
Term
| When you put your elbows on the table and lean on them, what part of what bone rests on the table? |
|
Definition
| The posterior olecranon process forms the angle of the elbow when the forearm is flexed and is the bony part that rests on the table when you lean on your elbow. |
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|
Term
| What bone does the proximal end of the Ulna articulate? |
|
Definition
| The Ulna articulates with the humerus. |
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|
Term
| When the arm is flexed (bent), the ___________ of the ulna fits into the ____________ of the _____________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the ____________ of the humerus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional significance of the radial tuberosity? |
|
Definition
| It anchors the biceps muscle of the arm |
|
|
Term
| How many carpals are there and how are they arranged in the hand? |
|
Definition
| There are eight carpals and they are arranged in two irregular rows of four bones each. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carpus is the true wrist. The proximal part of the structure we generally call our "hand." |
|
|
Term
| At its distal surface, with what bones does the carpus articulate? |
|
Definition
| The metacarpals articulate with the carpals |
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the palm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the fingers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of what bone forms the knuckle at the proximal end of each finger? |
|
Definition
| When you clench your fist, the heads of the metacarpals become prominent as your knuckles. |
|
|
Term
| How many phalanges are in the thumb? |
|
Definition
| two phalanges in the thumb (pollex) digit 1 |
|
|
Term
| How many phalanges are there in each of the other four fingers? |
|
Definition
| three phalanges in digits 2-5 |
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