Term
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Definition
| Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Movable attachment of a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; a prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) Muscle that reverses, or opposes, the action of another muscle. (2) Hormone that opposes the action of another hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; an agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by effecting the same movement or by stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts, preventing undesirable movements. (2) Hormone that amplifies the effect of another hormone at a target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| standing straight forward, legs apart, palms facing forward |
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Term
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Definition
| to move away from the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| to move toward the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement that decreases the angle of the joint; example: bending the knee from a straight to an angled position |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement that increases the angle of a joint; ex: straightening a flexed knee |
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Term
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Definition
| The turning of a bone around its own long axis |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a body part so that is outlines a cone in space |
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Term
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Definition
| Inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna -- palms face posteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| the outward rotation of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| to turn inwards; inversion of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| to turn outwards; eversion of the foot |
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Term
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Definition
| movement that brings the top of the foot towards the lower leg |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of the ankle, pointing the toes |
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Term
| 8 muscles of facial expression |
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Definition
1)epicranius
2) Orbicularis oculi
3) Orbicularis Oris
4) zygomaticus
5) risorius
6) triangularis
7) platysma
8) buccinator |
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Term
| epicranius (general description) |
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Definition
=frontalis (frontal belly) + occipitalis (occipital belly)
-Bipartite muscle consisting of the frontal and occipital bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis.
-The alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp forward and backward
EYEBROW RAISER; SKEPTICAL MUSCLE |
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Term
| Frontal belly (of the epicranius) |
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Definition
*Covers forehead and dome of skull; no bony attachment
*origin: epicranial aponeurosis
*insertion: skin of eyebrows and root of nose
*action= with aponeurosis fixed, it raises the eyebrows
and wrinkles forehead skin horizontally |
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Term
| occipital belly (of the epicranius) |
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Definition
*Overlies posterior occiput; by pulling on the epicranial aponeurosis, fixes origin of frontal belly
*origin: occipital and frontal lobes
*insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
*action: fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
WINK MUSCLE
*thin, flat sphincter muscle of eyelid; surrounds rim of the orbit
*origin: frontal and maxillary bones and ligaments around orbit
*insertion: tissue of eyelid
*action: closes eye; produces blinking and squinting; draws eyebrows inferiorly |
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Term
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Definition
PUCKER MUSCLE
*origin: arises indirectly from maxilla and mandible
*Insertion: encircles mouth; inserts into muscle and skin at angles of mouth
*action: closes lip; purses and protrudes lips; kissing and whistling muscle |
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Term
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Definition
SMILING MUSCLE
*muscle pair extending diagonally from cheekbone to corner of mouth
origin: zygomatic bone
insertion: skin and muscle at corner of mouth
action: raises lateral corners of mouth upward |
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Term
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Definition
LAUGHING MUSCLE
*slender muscle inferior and lateral to zygomaticus
origin: lateral fascia associated with masseter muscle
insertion: skin at angle of mouth
action: draws corner of lip laterally; tenses lips |
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Term
| What is a synergist to the zygomaticus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Triangularis (aka depressor anguli oris) |
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Definition
FROWNING MUSCLE
origin: body of mandible below incisors
insertion: skin and muscle at angle of mouth below insertion of zygomaticus
action: draws corner of mouth down and laterally |
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Term
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Definition
NECK MUSCLE
origin: fascia of chest (over pectoral muscles and deltoid)
insertion: lower margin of mandible, and skin and muscle a corner of mouth
action: tenses skin of neck; helps depress mandible; pulls lower lip back and down, producing downward sag of mouth |
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Term
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Definition
CHEEK MUSCLE
*deep to masseter; principal muscle of the cheek
origin: molar region of maxilla and mandible
insertion: orbicularis oris
action: compresses cheek; draws corner of mouth laterally; helps hold food between teeth during chewing |
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Term
| 2 muscles of mastication (chewing) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
origin: zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone
insertion: angle and ramus of mandible
action: prime mover of jaw closure; elevates mandible |
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Term
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Definition
*fan shaped muscle that covers parts of the temporal, frontal and parietal bones
origin: temporal fossa
insertion: coronoid process of mandible via a tendon that passes deep to zygomatic arch
action: closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible; maintains position of the mandible at rest; deep anterior part may help protract mandible |
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Term
| 3 muscles that move the head |
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Definition
1. sternocleidomastoid
2. splenius capitis
3. semispinalis capitis |
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Term
| 3 attachment sites of the sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Definition
| sternum (breast bone), mastoid process, and clavicle |
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Term
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Definition
*two headed muscle located deep to platysma on anterolateral surface of the neck; key muscular landmark in neck
origin: manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
action: flexes and laterally rotates the head; each muscle rotates head toward shoulder on opposite side and tilts or laterally flexes head to its own side |
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Term
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Definition
-capitis portion is known as the bandage muscle because it covers and holds down deeper neck muscles
origin: ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T6
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and occipital bone
action: extends or hyperextends head; when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head rotates and bends laterally toward same side |
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Term
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Definition
*composite muscle forming part of deep layer of intrinsic back muscles; extends from thoracic region to head
origin: transverse processes of C7-T12
insertion: occipital bone
action: extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite side; acts synergistically with sternocleidomastoid muscles of opposite sides |
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Term
| Synergist muscle of the sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 muscles that move the pectoral girdle |
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Definition
1) trapezius
2) rhomboideus major
3) levator scapulae
4) serratus anterior
5) pectoralis minor |
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Term
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Definition
*most superficial muscle of posterior thorax; flat and triangular in shape
origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of C7, and all thoracic vertebrae
insertion: continuous insertion along acromion and spine of scapula and lateral third of clavicle
action: stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates scapula |
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Term
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Definition
*shaped like a rhombus or diamond; lies deep to the trapezius and inferior to levator scapulae; minor is the more superior muscle
origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1 (minor) and spinous processes of T2-T5 (major)
insertion: medial border of scapula
action: stabilizes scapula; when the muscles act together they adduct the scapula, and then rotates the scapula so the glenoid cavity is downward
ex: paddling a canoe |
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Term
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Definition
*located at back and side of neck; deep to trapezius; thick strap-like muscle
origin: transverse processes of C1-C4
insertion: medial border of scapula, superior to spine
action: elevates/adducts scapula; tilts glenoid cavity downward when scapula is fixed and flexes neck to the same side |
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Term
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Definition
*boundary looks like a serrated knife
*fan shaped muscle; lies deep to scapula; deep and inferior to pectoral muscles on lateral rib cage; forms medial wall of axilla
origin: by a series of muscle slips from ribs 1-8 (or 9)
insertion: entire anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
action: rotates scapula so its inferior angle moves laterally and upward; prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall |
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Term
| which muscle is called the boxer muscle and why? |
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Definition
| serratus anterior--> because it abducts and raises arm and in horizontal arm movements (pushing, punching) |
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Term
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Definition
*directly beneath and obscured by pectoralis major
origin: anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 or 2-4
insertion: coracoid process of scapula
action: with ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and downward; with scapula fixed, it draws ribcage superiorly |
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Term
| What do the muscles of the pectoral girdle do? |
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Definition
-closely associated with the muscles of the upper arm
-connect the scapula to nearby bones, which moves the scapula (shoulder blade) up, down, forward, and backward |
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Term
| 2 muscles that flex the upper arms |
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Definition
1. coracobrachialis
2. pectoralis major |
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Term
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Definition
origin= coracoid process of the scapula
insertion= medial surface of the humerus shaft
action: flexes and adducts humerus |
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Term
| what is a synergist of the pectoralis major? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
origin: sternal end of clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6 and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
insertion: fibers converge to insert by a short tendon into intertubercular sulcus and greater tubercle of humerus
action: prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm
-used in throwing, pushing, climbing and forced inspiration |
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Term
| what is the prime mover of arm flexion? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 muscles that extend the upper arms |
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Definition
1. teres major
2. latissimus dorsi
-agonists |
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Term
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Definition
origin: posterior surface of scapula at inferior angle
insertion: crest of lesser tubercle on anterior humerus; insertion tendon fused with that of latissimus dorsi
action: extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus |
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Term
| what is a synergist of the teres major? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
origin: indirect attachment of via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, lower 3-4 ribs, and iliac crest; also from scapula's inferior angle
insertion: spirals around teres major to insert in floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
action: prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder |
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Term
| which muscle plays an important role in a power stroke? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 muscles that abduct the upper arm |
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Definition
1. supraspinatus
2. deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
*deep to trapezius; a rotator cuff muscle
origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: superior part of greater tubercle of humerus
action: initiates abduction; stabilizes shoulder joint |
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Term
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Definition
origin: embraces insertion of the trapezius; lateral third of clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula
insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
action: prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously |
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Term
| which muscle is a common site for intramuscular injection? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which muscle is an antagonist of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 muscles that rotate the upper arm |
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Definition
1. subscapularis
2. infraspinatus
3. teres minor |
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Term
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Definition
origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
action: chief medial rotator of humerus; stabilizes shoulder joint; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity |
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Term
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Definition
origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus posterior to insertion of supraspinatus
action: rotates humerus laterally |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: lateral border of dorsal scapular surface
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus inferior to infraspinatus insertion
action: rotates humerus laterally; same as infraspinatus |
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Term
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Definition
1. subscapularis
2. supraspinatus
3. infraspinatus
4. teres minor |
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Term
| 3 muscles that flex the forearm |
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Definition
1. biceps brachii
2. brachialis
3. brachioradialis |
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Term
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Definition
-two headed muscle
origin=short head: coracoid process; long head: supraglenoid tuberosity and lip of glenoid cavity.
insertion=common tendon intro radial tuberosity
action: flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm; weak flexor of arm at shoulder |
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Term
| where does the long head of the biceps brachii run? |
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Definition
| runs within the capsule and into the intertubercular sulcus of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
deep to biceps brachii on distal humerus
origin: front of distal humerus; embraces insertion of deltoid muscle
insertion: coronoid process of ulna and capsule of elbow joint
action: a major forearm flexor; lefts ulna as biceps lifts the radius |
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Term
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Definition
origin: lateral supracondylar ridge at distal end of humerus
insertion: base of radial styloid process
action: synergist in flexing forearm; stabilizes elbow during rapid flexion and extension |
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Term
| muscle that extends the forearm |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-three headed origin
origin: long head-infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. lateral head- posterior shaft of humerus. medial head- posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove
insertion: common tendon into olecrannon of ulna
action: powerful forearm extensor: prime mover |
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Term
| what is the antagoinst of forearm flexors? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 muscles that rotate the forearm |
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Definition
1. supinator
2. pronator tres
3. pronator quadratus |
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Term
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Definition
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus; proximal ulna
insertion: proximal end of radius
action: assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forearm |
|
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Term
| what's an antagonist of the pronator muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-two headed muscles
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna
insertion: by common tendon into lateral radius, midshaft
action: pronates forearm; weak flexor of elbow |
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Term
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Definition
origin: distal portion of anterior ulnar shaft
insertion: distal surface of anterior radius
action: prime mover of forearm pronation; |
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Term
| what is the deepest muscle of the distal forearm? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the only muscle that solely arises from the ulna and solely inserts into the radius? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the prime mover of forearm pronation? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 muscles that flex the wrist, hand, and fingers |
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Definition
1. flexor carpi radialis
2. flexor carpi ulnaris
3. palmaris longus
4. flexor digitorum profundus
*all originate on the medial epicondyle and course along the anterior side of the arm |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
insertion: base of second and third metacarpals
action: powerful flexor of wrist; abducts hand-weak synergist of elbow flexion |
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Term
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Definition
most medial muscle of the group
origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
insertion: base of fifth metacarpal
action: powerful flexor of the wrist; adducts hand; stabilizes wrist during finger extension |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
insertion: palmar aponeurosis (fascia of palm)
action: tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movements; weak wrist flexor; weak synergist for elbow flexion |
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Term
| flexor digitorum profundus |
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Definition
origin: coronoid process, anteromedial surface of ulna, and interosseous membrane
insertion: by four tendons into distal phalanges of fingers 2-5
action: flexes disal interphalangeal joints |
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Term
| 4 muscles that extend the wrist, hand, and fingers |
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Definition
1. extensor carpi radialis longus
2. extensor carpi radialis brevis
3. extensor carpi ulnaris
4. extensor digitorum
*all originate on the lateral epicondyle and course along the posterior side of the arm |
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Term
| extensor carpis radialis longus |
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Definition
origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
insertion: base of second metacarpal
action: extends wrist and abducts wrist |
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Term
| extensor carpis radialis brevis |
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Definition
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
insertion: base of third metacarpal
action: extends and abducts wrist |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
insertion: base of fifth metacarpal
action: extends wrist and adducts wrist
*most media of superficial posterior muscle |
|
|
Term
| which two muscles adduct the wrist? |
|
Definition
extensor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi ulnaris |
|
|
Term
| which two muscles abduct the wrist? |
|
Definition
extensor carpi radialis longus
flexor carpi radialis |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
insertion: by four tendons into extensor expansions and distal phalanges of fingers 2-5
action: prime mover of finger extension; can abduct fingers |
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Term
| what do the bellies (fleshy portions) of these muscles do? |
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Definition
-closer to the elbow than to the wrist.
-therefore wrist is a bundle of tendons that insert into the bones of the wrist and hand. The tendons are bound down by retinaculum |
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Term
| 4 muscles of the abdominal wall in order from most superficial to deepest |
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Definition
1. rectus abdominis
2. external oblique
3. internal oblique
4. transversus abdominis
-broad, flat muscles separated by layers of fascia |
|
|
Term
| where do the abdominal muscles connect? |
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Definition
| -they connect anteriorly at the linea alba |
|
|
Term
| What do contractions of the abdominal wall muscles cause? |
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Definition
| increased intra-abdominal pressure that is important in coughing, urination, defecation, giving birth, and forceful exhalation |
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Term
|
Definition
medial abdominal muscle
origin: pubic crest and symphysis
insertion: xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
action: flex and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column; fix and depresses ribs, stabilizes pelvis during walking, increases intra-abdominal pressure; used in sit ups and crunches |
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Term
|
Definition
largets and most superifical of the 3 lateral muscles
origin: by fleshy strips from outer surfaces of lower eight ribs
insertion: linea alba via a broad aponeurosi; some into pubic crest and tubercle and iliac crest
action: when pair contracts simultaneously it flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall; individually it aids muscles of back in rotating and flexing laterally; used in oblique curls |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: lumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament
insertion: linea alba, pubic crest, last 3 or 4 ribs and costal margin
action: acting simultaneously: flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall-individually: rotates trunk and flexes back laterally |
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Term
|
Definition
deepest
origin: inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of last 6 ribs; iliac crest
insertion: linea alba, pubic crest
action: compresses abdominal contents |
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|
Term
| 2 anterior muscles that flex the thigh (iliopsoas muscles) |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
more medial muscle of the pair
origin: by fleshy slips from transverse processes, bodies, and discs of lumbar vertebrae and T12
insertion: lesser trochanter of femus via iliopsoas tendon
action: flexing thigh, or for flexing trunk on thigh, also flexes vertebral column laterally; important postural muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
large, fan shaped, lateral muscle
origin: iliac fossa and crest, ala of sacrum
insertion: lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon
action: prime mover for flexing thigh, or for flexing trunk on thigh as during a bow |
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Term
| 4 posterior muscles that move the thigh |
|
Definition
1. gluteus maximus
2. gluteus medius
3. gluteus minimus
4. tensor fascia latae (only one that flexes the thigh) |
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Term
|
Definition
-largest and most superficial gluteus muscle
-important site for intramuscular injection
origin: dorsal ilium, sacrum and coccyx
insertion: gluteal tuberosity of femur; iliotibial tract
action: major extensor of thigh; laterally rotates and abducts thigh |
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Term
|
Definition
-important site for intramuscular injections (better than maximus)
origin: between anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral surface of ilium
insertion: by short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur
action: abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis |
|
|
Term
| which muscles are important in walking? |
|
Definition
| gluteus medius and glueteus minimus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
origin: between anterior and inferior gluteal lines on external surface of ilium
insertion: anterior border of greater trochanter of femur
action: abducts and medially rotates thigh |
|
|
Term
| 3 muscles that adduct the thigh |
|
Definition
adductor longus
adductor magnus
gracilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most anterior
origin: pubis near pubic symphysis
insertion: linea aspera
action: adducts, flexes and medially rotates thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triangular muscle with a broad insertion
origin: ischial and pubic rami and ischial tuberosity
insertion: linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur
action: anterior part-adducts and medially rotates and flexes thigh. posterior part-synergist to hamstrings to extend thigh |
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|
Term
|
Definition
long, thin, superficial muscle of medial thigh
origin: inferior ramus and body of pubis and adjacent ischial ramus
insertion: medial surface of tibia just inferior to its medial condyle
action: adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg |
|
|
Term
| which thigh adductor, is also part hamstring in action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles that move the thigh in general |
|
Definition
| =origins on the pelvic girdle bones and insertions on the femur |
|
|
Term
| what do the anterior thigh muscles do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the posterior thigh muscles do |
|
Definition
| extend, abducts and rotates the thigh |
|
|
Term
| what do the medial thigh muscles do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 muscles that are part of the "hamstring" group- they flex the knee-one is not a true hamstring muscle |
|
Definition
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
sartorius (not a true hamstring muscle) |
|
|
Term
| which muscle is not a true hamstring muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the longest muscle in the body? |
|
Definition
| Sartorius-comes down the anterior thigh |
|
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Term
|
Definition
origin: anterior superior iliac spine
insertion: winds around medial aspect of knee and inserts into medial aspect of proximal tibia
action: flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh-carries out movements at the hip and knee joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most lateral muscle of the group; arises from two heads
origin: ischial tuberosity (long head); linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line, and distal femur (short head)
action: extends thigh and flexes knee; laterally rotates leg |
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|
Term
|
Definition
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial aspect of upper tibial shaft
action: extends thigh and flexes knee; medially rotates leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial condyle of tibial
action: extends thigh and flexes knee; medially rotates leg |
|
|
Term
| which two muscles medially rotate the leg? |
|
Definition
| semitendinosus and semimembranosus |
|
|
Term
| 4 muscles that make up the quadriceps group and extend the knee |
|
Definition
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius |
|
|
Term
| quadriceps femoris general |
|
Definition
-forms the front and sides of the thigh
-common insertion point: quadriceps tendon
-powerful knee extensor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin: anterior inferior iliac spine and superior margin of acetabelum
insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
action: extends knee and flexes thigh at hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin: greater trochanter, intertochanteric line, linea aspera
insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
action: extends and stabilizes knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin: linea aspera, intertrochanteric and medial supracondylar lines
insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
action: extends knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of proximal femur shaft
insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
action: extends knee |
|
|
Term
| Muscles that move the lower leg-general |
|
Definition
origins: femur and pelvic girdle bones
insertions: tibia and fibula
3/4 hamstring muscles (sartorius, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) insert on the medial side of the tibia, biceps femoris inserts on the lateral side of the knee into the fibula |
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Term
| what is the area often referred to as the "goose foot"? |
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Definition
| region of insertion of the sartorius, semimembranosus and semitendinosus |
|
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Term
| 3 dorsiflexors that move the ankle, foot, and toes |
|
Definition
1. tibialis anterior
2. peroneus (fibularis) tertius
3. extensor digitorum longus
-all located on the anterior side |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of tibial shaft; interosseous membrane
insertion: by tendon into the inferior surface of medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone
action: prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot |
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Term
| fibularis (peroneus) tertius |
|
Definition
origin: distal anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
insertion: tendon inserts on dorsum of fifth metatarsal
action: dorsiflexes and everts foot |
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Term
| extensor digitorum longus |
|
Definition
origin: lateral condyle of tibia; proximal 3/4 of fibula; interosseous membrane
insertion: middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5 via extensor expansion
action: prime mover of toe extension; dorsiflexes foot |
|
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Term
| 5 muscles that plantar flex the ankle, foot and toes |
|
Definition
1. gastrocnemius
2.soleus
3. flexor digitorum longus
4. tibialis posterior
5. fibularis (peroneus) longus |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: by two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur
insertion: posterior calcaneous via calcaneal tendon
action: plantar flexes foot when knee is extended
-posterior compartment |
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Term
|
Definition
origin: extensive origin from superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
insertion: posterior calcaneous via calcaneal tendon
action: plantar flexes foot; important muscle for walking, running and dancing
-posterior compartment |
|
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Term
| what is the largest tendon in the body? |
|
Definition
| achilles/ calcaneal tendon |
|
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Term
| which muscles shape the posterior calf and inserts via the achilles heal? |
|
Definition
| Triceps surae: gastrocnemius & soleus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
origin: posterior tibia
insertion: tendon runs behind medial malleolus and inserts into distal phalanges of toes 2-5
action: plantar flexes and inverts foot; flexes toes
-posterior compartment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
origin: superior tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane
insertion: tendon passes behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals II-IV
-posterior side |
|
|
Term
| fibularis (peroneus) longus |
|
Definition
origin: head and upper portion of lateral fibula
insertion: by long tendon that curves under foot to first metatarsal and medial cuneiform
action: plantar flexes and everts foot
-lateral side |
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|
Term
| Muscles that move the ankle, foot and toes-general |
|
Definition
origins: femur, tibia, and fibula
insertions: various bones of the ankle and foot
-ankle contains retinaculum and tendon sheaths |
|
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Term
| 3 functions of skeletal muscles |
|
Definition
1. movement
2. preventing movement (ex. posture)
3. Heat production (helps keep body temp.) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a low grade state of continuous contraction that is important to keep posture |
|
|
Term
| How are skeletal muscles classified? |
|
Definition
based on:
-anatomic location
-cooperative function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most muscles are attached to the skeleton |
|
|
Term
| How do skeletal muscles move? |
|
Definition
| they only know how to actively shorten (brings insertion closer to the origin) |
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|
Term
| Which end is more movable? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end is usually closer to the trunk? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a band of dense, regular fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a band of dense regular fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| pair of muscles with opposite action |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| group of muscles all doing the same function |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| strongest muscle of an agonist group |
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Term
|
Definition
| nonprime mover; works with the prime mover to do the action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a broad sheet of fibrous connective tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| elongated bursae filled with synovial fluid that helps minimize friction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| band of dense, fibrous connective tissue that binds down 1 or more tendons in a pulley-like fashion |
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds bundles of cells called fassicles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that surrounds groups of skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| 3 functions of connective tissue wrappings |
|
Definition
1. avenue for blood vessels
2. avenue for nerves
3. helps transmit the force of contraction to the skeleton |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contraction where the length between the 2 cells and elastic element remain the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction where the length does change byt the force ("tension") doesn't change |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-all skeletal muscles have these and these help remain posture
-need neurons/nerves to have reflexes |
|
|
Term
| Why does skeletal muscle have nerves? |
|
Definition
| so the brain knows what you're doing and for muscle stretch reflexes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory neurons from skeletal muscles telling your brain what you are doing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the awareness of body movement |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| giant, multinucleated cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle cell endoplasmic reticulum
-actively stores up calcium ions
-periodically releases calcium ions back into the cytoplasm when an action potential comes by, which triggers a muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the small tubules which run transversely through a striated muscle fiber and through which electrical impulses are transmitted from the sarcoplasm to the fiber's interior |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bundle of myofilaments (ex. action and myosin) |
|
|
Term
| what do action potentials do? |
|
Definition
| trigger a muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscular system based on? |
|
Definition
| all different types of levers |
|
|
Term
| 3 different classes of levers |
|
Definition
1. 1st class: fulcrum in the middle
2. 2nd class: load is in the middle
3. 3rd class: effort is in the middle |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is paralysis of the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)? |
|
Definition
| paralyzes your ability to do facial expressions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paralysis of the facial muscles |
|
|
Term
| What happens to muscle tone when you sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when the sternocleidomastoid contracts to one side? |
|
Definition
| -you have lateral flexion to the same side and rotation to the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the splenius capitus contracts on one side? |
|
Definition
| it laterally extends and rotates to the same side |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the semispinalis capitus contracts to one side? |
|
Definition
| lateral flexion to the same side but rotation to the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| what are the accessory muscles of inhalation? |
|
Definition
pectoralis major and minor
sternocleidomastoid
upper trapezius
latissimus dorsi
and a few others |
|
|
Term
| 1st step for the cross bridge cycle |
|
Definition
| 1. cross bridge formation. Energized myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament, forming a cross bridge |
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|
Term
| 2nd step for the cross bridge cycle |
|
Definition
| 2. The power/working stroke. ADP and Pi are released and the myosin head pivots and bends, changing to its bent low-energy state. As a result it pulls the actin filament toward the m line |
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|
Term
| 3rd step for the cross bridge cycle |
|
Definition
| 3. Cross bridge detachment. After ATP attaches to myosin, the link between the myosin and actin weakens, and the myosin head detaches. (Cross bridge breaks) |
|
|
Term
| 4th step for the cross bridge cycle |
|
Definition
| 4. Cocking of the myosin head. As ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP to Pi, the myosin head returns to its prestroke high-energy, or "cocked" position |
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are lost with the each turn of the cross bridge cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the cross bridge cycle when there is no more ATP present? |
|
Definition
| then all the myosins will be stuck to actin so muscles cannot be separated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rigid muscles- when the myosin is stuck to action so the muscles can't be separated |
|
|
Term
| What does that Na/K ATPase pump do? |
|
Definition
| creates concentration gradients and electrical gradients by pumping 3 Na ions out for every 2 K ions that enter the cell |
|
|
Term
| What does the Ca ATP pump do? |
|
Definition
| pumps more calcium outside than inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the electrical current inside the cell? |
|
Definition
| inside is more negative, outside is more positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the negative resting cell membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The threshold potential for the sodium gate-sodium gate opens here |
|
|
Term
| What happens from -70 to 0? |
|
Definition
| depolarization because sodium is rushing into the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the cell is not polarized at all
-cell membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Na+ gate slams closed and K+ gate opens, which causes K+ to rush out so the inside of the cell becomes more and more negative again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates, or supplies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motor units response to a single action potential of its motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| 7 steps in excitation contraction coupling |
|
Definition
1. Action potential is spreading down the neurons. You have to consciously think about the contraction at the upper and lower motor neuron action potential, which triggers events at the skeletal muscle cell
2. Action potential reaches end of axon, triggering the opening of voltage regulated Calcium gates
3. Calcium influx into the neuron triggers release of Ach by exocytosis
4. Ach binding to receptor opens the neighboring Na/K chemically regulated gate==> net depolarization
5. Depolarization in the neuromuscular junction triggers the neighboring cell membrane to undergo an AP, which spreads over cell surface and through T-tubules
6. AP in T-tubules triggers release of Ca ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytoplasm
7. Ca ions bind to troponin, pulling tropomysin out of the way, allowing myosin globular head to attach to action (sliding filament contraction) |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps required to stop the contraction |
|
Definition
1. active transport Ca ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum via a sacroplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump
2. Stop thinking about contraction (stops upper and lower motor neuron action potentials)
3. Remove the Ach from the neuromuscular junction
4. Na/K ATPase pumps must continue to actively transport Na and K ions to establish the negative resting cell membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme splits and deactivates Ach? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholinerterase enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food poisoning due to exposure to botulinum toxin (produced by clostridium botulinum) |
|
|
Term
| How does botulism affect the body? |
|
Definition
| Prevents the release of Ach from lower motorneurons so they cannot contract |
|
|
Term
| Non-depolarizing agents used for muscle relaxants in surgery |
|
Definition
tubocurarine and pancuronium
-both bind to and block nicotinic cholinecgic receptors |
|
|
Term
| Depolarizing agents used for muscle relaxants in surgery |
|
Definition
succinyl choline
-binds to and over stimulates nicotinic ACh receptors--> causes excessive depolarization and rapid muscle fatigue and paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What is myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease in which you make antibodies to your own ACh receptors, can destroy them or at least block Ach from binding to them |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for myasthenia gravis |
|
Definition
| anticholinesterase drugs which block the destruction of ACh |
|
|
Term
| What do organophosphates do? |
|
Definition
| block AchE so your muscle can't relax |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that affect the strength of muscle contraction |
|
Definition
1. muscle design
2. # of available cross bridges |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of ATP is consumed to run the sodium/potassium pumps for muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do skeletal muscle cells respond to nerve signals? |
|
Definition
| cells exhibit a threshold stimulus and an all or none reaction (either they contract or they do not, no inbetween) |
|
|
Term
| What is a threshold stimulus? |
|
Definition
| minimum stimulus needed to trigger a contraction |
|
|
Term
| What do entire motor units have? |
|
Definition
1. A threshold stimulus (smaller motor units have a lower threshold stimulus)
2. an all or non response |
|
|
Term
| How do skeletal muscles as a whole respond to nerve signals? |
|
Definition
| You can have different amounts of contraction; individual muscle contractions get fused together to make a sustained contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is multiple motor unit recruitment? |
|
Definition
| it's when more and more muscle cells are reaching their thresholds |
|
|
Term
| What is temporal summation? |
|
Definition
| a sustained contraction (all of the action potentials together) |
|
|
Term
| What is a tetanic contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
illness due to exposure to the tetanus toxin, which is produced by clostridium tetani
-tetanus causes excessive spasms of the skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| What does the tetanus toxin? |
|
Definition
| blocks the release of inhibitory (-) neurotransmitter from upper motor neurons, so the lower motor neuron is getting over active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetanus in the maxillary area |
|
|
Term
| What is skeletal muscle hypertrophy? |
|
Definition
| increase in size of skeletal muscle cells and entire muscles |
|
|
Term
| Changes that occur inside the cells during skeletal muscle hypertrophy? |
|
Definition
| Increased production of action/myosin and other microfilaments and increased amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum and increased number of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is skeletal muscle atrophy? |
|
Definition
| decrease in size of skeletal muscle cells and entire muscles |
|
|
Term
| What are changes that occur inside the cells during skeletal muscle atrophy? |
|
Definition
decreased action/myosin/myofilaments
-decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscles not being stimulated
ex: due to extended bed rest or limb immobilzation |
|
|
Term
| What is denervation atrophy? |
|
Definition
due to damage to upper and lower motor neuron that stimulates the muscle
ex: due to spinal cord injury or disease (as in ALS or poliomyelitis) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
1. Type I fibers (SO)
2. Type IIb fibers (FG)
3. Type IIa fibers (FO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"red fibers"
-slow oxidative fibers
-specialized for longer periods of aerobic cell respiration
-used in muscles dealing with posture |
|
|
Term
| Why are type I fibers called red fibers? |
|
Definition
| they have a rich blood supply, rich supply of myoglobin, which binds to and stores O2 and cells are loaded with mitochondria (mitochondria is loaded with iron) |
|
|
Term
| What are type I fibers called slow? |
|
Definition
refers to the fact that these are slow twitch fibers, meaning they take a bit longer to reach maximum contraction
-have slower acting myosin globular head ATPase enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are type IIb fibers? |
|
Definition
-"white fibers"
-FG=fast glycolytic fibers
-specialized for shorter bursts of more intense exercise and anaerobic exercise
-have high levels of glycolytic enzymes, bigger diameter, and loaded with granules of glycogen, fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin
used when doing a 100 meter dash |
|
|
Term
| What are type IIb fibers called fast glycolytic fibers? |
|
Definition
| because they are fast twitch fibers meaning they have fast acting myosin globular head ATPase enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are type IIa fibers? |
|
Definition
fast oxidative
hybrid of the other 2
-fast twitch, fast oxidative (prefers aerobic cell respiration)
-pinkish color
used when running marathon |
|
|
Term
| Which type of fiber has the most creatine phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does ATP come from skeletal muscles at rest? |
|
Definition
| from aerobic cell respiration of glucose and fatty acids from blood |
|
|
Term
| Where does ATP come from during moderate exercise? |
|
Definition
-need a quicker source of ATP
-glycogenolysis in the cell: glucose is shuttled through aerobic cell respiration
with continued moderate exercise.. ATP comes mostly from aerobic cell respiration of fatty acids from blood |
|
|
Term
| Where does ATP come from during a sprint? |
|
Definition
ATP usage is high (& cell respiration isn't fast enough to provide all ATP)
-free ATP is used up quickly so cells start retrieving ATP from creatine phosphate inside the cells |
|
|
Term
| How does the creatine kinase work? |
|
Definition
It breaks off the phosphate from the creatine phosphate and creates ATP from ADP during exercise
-at rest, ATP enters creatine and a phosphate is cut off to make ADP and creatine phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Where does ATP come from during continued, intense exercise? |
|
Definition
| -decreased blood flow, which decreases delivery of O2 and nutrients so the cell shifts over to anaerobic cell respiration, which buys a little more time, so ATP levels decrease and lactic acid levels increase leading to muscular fatigue |
|
|
Term
| Effects of muscular fatigue with decreased pH? |
|
Definition
| decreased pH which can denature enzymes ex. glycolytic enzymes, which leads to a decrease of calcium ions binding to troponin |
|
|
Term
| Effects of muscular fatigue with increased phosphate concentration? |
|
Definition
decreases calcium ions being released from the sacroplasmic reticulum hence triggering less contractions
-increased phosphate also decreased release of phosphate attached to myosin globular head |
|
|
Term
| Effects of muscular fatigue with decreased ATP |
|
Definition
-decreased contraction (less sliding filament activation)
-decreased activity of Na/K ATPase pump so they can't maintain the normal steep gradients for Na and K across the cell membrane, thus hampering the normal action potential on skeletal muscles
-harder to actively transport calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum which leads to muscle cramping
-no ATP to bind and unlock cross bridge so it can lead to muscle cramping |
|
|
Term
| First way to pay back the O2 debt |
|
Definition
Muscles relax so it reeestablishes blood flow
-glucose/fatty acids and O2 binding to myoglobin both leads to increased cell respiration and increased ATP, which replenishes the creatine phosphate stores |
|
|
Term
| What does increased ATP do when paying back the O2 debt? |
|
Definition
-powers the Na/K ATPase pump
-SR Ca ATPase pump
-sliding filament mechanism |
|
|
Term
| 2nd way to pay back the 02 debt |
|
Definition
| Muscles relax, which reestablishes blood flow which causes lactic acid to enter the blood stream which returns muscle pH back to normal |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for 1 action potential to take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the diameter of a muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only 2 types of cells that can hold glycogen? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle cells and liver cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lactic acid leaves the muscle and enters the cori cycle
2. lactic acid enters the liver, becomes pyruvate, and then becomes glucose and then becomes glycogen (remains in liver)
3. some glucose leaves the liver and enters the cori cycle to enter the muscle cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (in liver) metabolic pathway that converts pyruvate back to glucose = |
|
|
Term
| thick filaments of a muscle |
|
Definition
| contains myosin and extend the entire length of the A band. They are connected at the middle of the sarcomere at the M line |
|
|
Term
| thin filaments of a muscle |
|
Definition
| contain actin and extend across the I band and partway into the A band |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of 2 heavy and 4 light polypeptide chains, and has a rodlike tail attached by a flexible hinger to two globular heads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has globular action, which bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spirals about the actin and core and helps stiffen and stabilize it
-in relax muscle fibers, they block myosin-binding sites on actin so that myosin heads on the thick filaments cannot bind to the thin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| globular 3-polypeptide complex, they inhibit subunit that binds to actin, binds tropomyosin and helps binds to actin, and binds calcium ions |
|
|
Term
| sliding filament mechanism |
|
Definition
| states that during contraction, the thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree |
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