Term
Alternating light and dark bands; includes skeletal and cardiac muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Refers to a number of muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An individual muscle cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A muscle fiber is formed by the fusion of several what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Undifferentiated mononucleated cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A muscle fiber contains multiple what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a muscle fiber is injured, can it be replaced by the division of other existing skeletal fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
New muscle fibers can be formed from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
New muscle fibers by satellite cells is good, but it will generally not restore severely damaged muscle fibers to __ strength. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When muscle fibers are severely damaged, the remaining fibers usually compensate how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The striated pattern of a muscle fiber results from the arrangement of numerous what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contractile proteins such as actin and myosin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Striated pattern of a muscle fiber results from the arrangement of numerous sarcomeres into bundles called myofibrils in the __ of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Makes up the majority of the cytoplasm of muscle fibers, and extend from end to end of hte muscle fiber and linked to tendons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick and thin filaments are arranged in a repeating pattern. One unit of this pattern is called a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick filaments are composed of mostly what protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Composed of 2 heavy chains and 4 smaller light chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myosin filament chains combine to form a molecule with 2 ___ heads (cross bridge) and a __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Myosin filament globular heads contain 2 binding sites: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extend from the surface of the thick filaments toward the thin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thin filaments are mostly made of what 3 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ filament is composed of 2 intertwined helical chains. Each of which contains a binding site for __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1 strand of __ blocks the binding sites of 7 actin molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1 __ molecule (3 binding sites) locks the tropomyosin in place during rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ca++ binds to the __ molecule to release from the binding sites of actin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick filaments located in the middle of each sarcomere form the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2 thin filaments per sarcomere, one at each end. One end of the thin filament is free, the other is bound to a network of interconnecting proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connects sarcomeres end to end |
|
Definition
Interconnecting proteins (z line) |
|
|
Term
The portion of the thin filaments that does NOT overlap the thick filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A narrow light band in the center of the A band that does NOT overlap the thin filaments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A narrow dark band in the center of the H zone that corresponds to proteins that link together the central region of adjacent thick filaments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The bisecting line of the H zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connect the z line, m line, and thick filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Z line to Z line is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1 myosin filament with 2 actin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each thick filament is surrounded by __ thin filaments. So there are twice as many thin filaments as thick in the region of overlap. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2 zones/bands that diminish during contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The activation of the force generating sites within the muscle fibers (cross-bridges) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Can you have muscle contraction without muscle shortening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contraction of muscle fiber that is caused by two thin filaments sliding toward each other |
|
Definition
Sliding filament mechanism |
|
|
Term
What attaches to the thin filaments and act like oars to "row" the thin filaments and z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During a contraction what shortens and what does not shorten? |
|
Definition
sarcomere shortens thin and thick filaments do NOT |
|
|
Term
One stroke of the cross bridge yields very little movement of the thin filaments. But continued activation of hte muscle leads to multiple oar rows of each what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Usually, one end of a muscle is attached to a fixed position. When the sarcomeres shorten during contraction, the centers of the sarcomeres also slide toward what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Generates force and movement through the interaction of actin and myosin contractile proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ binds to troponin and "unlocks" tropomyosin by inducing a conformational change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When tropomyosin is unlocked, this exposes the myosin binding sites on what molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What happens when Ca++ is removed? |
|
Definition
The "unlocking" i reversed. |
|
|
Term
The cross bridge cycle can only go on as long as what is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the 4 steps of the cross bridge cycle |
|
Definition
1. Attachment of cross bridge to the thin filament 2. Movement of the cross bridge, producing tension in the thin filament 3. Detachment of hte cross bridge from the thin filament 4. Energizing the cross bridge to repeat the cycle |
|
|
Term
In the resting state, cross bridge is energized (bound ADP and P), and the cytoplasmic __ concentration is low. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When Ca++ enters the cell, it activates the cross bridge cycle, and the energized cross __ binds to the __ filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Binding of the actin and myosin triggers the release of the cross bridge and releases what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Binding of the cross bridge to the actin is broken by __ binding to the myosin head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATP hyrolysis breaks the ATP into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When ATP is broken, this reenergizes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Occurs because there is no ATP being produced, and thus the actin-myosin linked cross bridges cannot be broken. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The muscle stiffens because the thick and thin filaments cannot be pulled past each other. Only lasts about 48 hours due to decomposition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A series of tubular sleeve-like segments that surround each individual myofibril |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Solely responsible for the storage of calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does calcium flow out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Located at each end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and contain calcium stores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lie between the lateral sacs at the level where the A-band and I-band meet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lumen of the T-tubules is continuous with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Connected to the lateral sacs by junctional feet (integral membrane proteins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The junction of a motor neuron axon terminal with a motor end plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Region of the muscle fiber plasma membrane that lies directly beneath the axon terminal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contains one motor neuron and all the motor fibers innervated by that neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a single motor unit, all fibers are located within the same muscle. Are they all adjacent to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Analogous to the EPSP in neuron-neuron synapses in that they involve depolarization of a "postsynaptic" membrane via Na/K ion channels |
|
Definition
EPP (End Plate Potential) |
|
|
Term
Sequence of events by which an action potential in the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber leads to cross-bridge cycling. |
|
Definition
Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
|
|
Term
Bring AP into the interior of the skeletal muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The wave of depolarization passes close to the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stimulates the release of calcium ions |
|
Definition
Depolarization wave passing close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
The extensive network of __ __ assures that when it releases calcium ions they can readily diffuse to all of the troponin sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle action potential is propogated into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Action potential activates the junctional process and releases __ from the lateral sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Calcium binds to __ and removes the blcoking action of __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ ___ bind and generate force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Once calcium is removed from the cytosol what happens? |
|
Definition
Troponin locks the tropomyosin back |
|
|
Term
What provides the energy for force generation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What breaks the cross bridge/ actin bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATP concentration contains within the muscle at rest is sufficient to maintain contraction at most for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATP is going to split to form what to provide the energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contraction depends on energy supply from what 2 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Carries a high energy bond similar to ATP. Instantly cleaved to form ATP. Total amount of this is relatively small. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Provides a very rapid means of forming ATP at the onset of contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Creatine is naturally produced by what 2 organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Over half of creatine stores are provided by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Creatine phosphate is transported in the blood to be stored in what 2 places? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
About 95% of the body's creatine is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Combined energy of stored ATP and Creatine Phosphate can maintain a maximal contraction for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Normal range is 2-12 mg/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Half life of ~3 hours supplement of 5g would peak plasma levels at 120 mg/L in 1-2 hours post consumption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Supplementation of this can improve performance of high intensity exercise, mental function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contains as much energy in the phosphate bond at ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Creatine phosphate can transfer the phosphate and energy to __ to form ATP and free creatine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The energy from this cannot be released by myosin to drive the cross-bridge activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During rest, creatine phosphate builds up in the muscle to about _X ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The reaction of creatine phosphate to ATP is so fast, that total levels of ATP remain relatively constant in the beginning of contraction creatine phostphate to ATP. This can only last as long as the initial concentration of what allows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If contractile activity lasts more than a few seconds, ___ must be produced by other means. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If oxidative phosphorylation is so efficient, then why do we still use other methods of producing ATP? |
|
Definition
It is dependent on the other processes that give it H+ atoms |
|
|
Term
Combines O2 with the end products of glycolysis (H+ atoms) and food to release ATP |
|
Definition
Oxydative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
Provides more than 95% of all energy for sustained, long term contraction |
|
Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
For period up to 24 hours, up to half of energy comes from stored what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For long term maximal contraction, the majority of energy comes from stored what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During moderate levels of exercise, most ATP is formed by what in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
For the first 5-10 minutes of moderate exercise, fuel comes from the breakdown of muscle _ to __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After 5-10 minutes of moderate exercise, the next 30 minutes, the fuel comes from blood borne nutrients such as __ and __ equally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Beyond 45 minutes of moderate exercise, what becomes the primary source of fuel? Also note that the muscle's glucose utilization decreases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This is used to reconstitute both ATP and creatine phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycolysis is the rapid breakdown of glycogen to what 2 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Can glycolysis occur without O2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycolysis can sustain a maximal contraction for an upwards of __ in the absence of O2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The rate of ATP produced here is rapid, but it produces many end-products and loses capability to sustain a maximal contraction for any longer than a minute. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When intensity of exercise exceeds about __% of the maximal rate of ATP breakdown, glycolysis produces the majority of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Comes from blood stores or muscle glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As intensity increases, glycolysis __ and lactic acid production __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In skeletal muscle, ATP production via substrate phosphorylation is supplemented by the availability of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skeletal muscle's capacity to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation is further supplemented by the availability of molecular oxygen bound to intracellular what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Depleted creatine phosphate and glycogen in the muscle must be __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
After exercise, the lactic acid that was produced must be __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Provides the energy to convert lactic acid back into pyruvic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Recovery after exercise usually lasts about __ minutes after a 4 minute maximal exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lactic acid may also be reconverted to glucose mainly in what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Must be utilized to metabolize the lactic acid and return blood and plasma levels to pre-exercise levels. This is how oxygen debt is repayed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Not only provides ATP for moderate exercise, but it also is used to increase ATP following exercise to restore energy reserves. |
|
Definition
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
Influences on diet and can last up to days to fully replenish glycogen stores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When a skeletal muscle fiber is continuously stimulated, the tension the fiber develops eventually decreases even though the stimulus continues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When a muscle is fatigued, you get decreased muscle tension and a decreased shortening __ and a slower rate of __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Development of muscle fatigue and recovery from fatigue depends on 3 factors |
|
Definition
1. type of skeletal muscle fiber activated 2. intensity and duration of stimulus 3. individual's fitness level |
|
|
Term
Fatigue that occurs rapidly when continuously stimulating, but also recover rapidly after a brief rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
High intesity, short duration exercises like weight lifting can cause what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1. conduction failure 2. lactic acid buildup 3. inhibition of cross bridge cycling |
|
|
Term
Where K+ builds up in the T-tubules during the repolarization of action potentials and cause persistent depolarization which eventually causes a failure to produce an action potential. Recovery is rapid with rest as the accumulation K+ diffuses out of the t-tubule resotring excitability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lactic acid changes the pH of the muscle, which can alter the conformation of proteins including actin and myosin and Ca pumps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Build up of ADP and P due to a decrease in ATP can inhibit the cross bridge cycling. Slowing this step delayes the detachment of actin and thus slows the whole cycle |
|
Definition
Inhibition of cross bridge cycling |
|
|
Term
Develops more slowly with low intensity, long duration exercise involving cyclical periods of contraction and relaxation. Requires much longer periods of rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Likely due to a depletion of fuel stores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Give an example of low frequency fatigue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Failure of the cerebral cortex to send signals to motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fatigue does not directly correlate with depleted __ levels. This is a protective mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If exercise is continued past fatigue to deplete ATP levels, then cross-bridges would lock in __ and damage muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Types of skeletal fibers are classified based upon what 2 factors? |
|
Definition
1. Speed of contraction (maximal velocity of shortening) 2. Major pathway for ATP production (oxidative or glycolytic) |
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has a high ATPase activity in the muscle and myosin is able to split ATP rapidly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has a maximal rate of cross-bridge cycling, and thus maximal shortening velocities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber is large in diameter and high in enzyme activity for creatine phosphate and glycolytic systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has low ATPase activity and cross-bridge cycling is 4X slower than type II fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries, high enzyme activity for aerobic systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has a high concentration of mitochondria and thus high capacity for oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber is dependent on oxygen supply, so they are surrounded by many small vessels and contains large amounts of myoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An oxygen binding protein that gives the fibers a dark red color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has few mitochondria but possess high levels of glycolytic enzymes and glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has few blood vessels and low myoglobin. They are generally large in diameter which leads to greater force due to increase actin myosin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With Slow (type I) and Fast (type II) fibers, what is the different in force? |
|
Definition
Force is the SAME for both types |
|
|
Term
List the 3 main types of skeletal muscle fibers. |
|
Definition
Slow Oxidative (Type I) Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (Type IIa) Fast Glycolytic (Type IIb) |
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber responds well to repetitive stimulati without fatigue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has low myosin-ATPase activity and high oxidative capacity. Very resistant to fatigue and high in myoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Give an example of slow oxidative (type I) muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber has high myosin-ATPas activity with high oxidative and moderate glycolytic capacity. |
|
Definition
Fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
|
Term
Type type of muscle fiber is moderately fatigue resistant |
|
Definition
Fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
|
Term
Give an example of fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
Definition
Muscles needed for swimming, short distance running, etc. |
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber responds quickly to repetitive stimulation without fatigue. |
|
Definition
Fast oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa) |
|
|
Term
This type of muscle fiber is high in myosin-ATPase activity and high glycolytic capacity. It fatigues rapidly. |
|
Definition
Fast glycolytic (type IIb) |
|
|
Term
Give an example of an activity using fast glycolytic (type IIb) |
|
Definition
Sprinting (quick burst of strong activation) |
|
|
Term
The force exerted on an object by a contracting muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The force exerted on the muscle by an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tension and load are opposing forces that have relative __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What must happen for a muscle fiber to shorten. |
|
Definition
Muscle Tension > Opposing Load |
|
|
Term
Muscle develops tension but does not shorten or lengthen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle changes length, yet load remains constant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shortening due to tension > load |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lengthening due to load > tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Steps 1, 3, and 4 of the cross bridge cycling are the same for all 3 types of contraction but step 2 differs depending on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Excitation-contraction coupling is occurring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Begins when the muscle tension just exceeds the load on the fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increases rapily and dissipates slowly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shortening occurs slowly, only after taking up __ tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The relaxing muscle quickly returns to its __ __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Isotonic twitches with an increased load. Velocity shortening is __, duration of twich is ___, and the distance shortened is __, latent period ___. |
|
Definition
Slower Shorter Less Increases |
|
|
Term
The complete dissipation of elastic tension between subsequent stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
S4 occurred prior to the complete dissipation of elastic tension from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
S6 occurred prior to the dissipation of ANY elastic tension from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Partial dissipation of elastic tension between subsequent stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
No time for dissipation of elastic tension between rapidly recurring stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where there are lots of actin-myosin overlap and plenty of room to slide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where actin filaments lack room to slide, so little tension can be developed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where actin and myosin do not overlap much, so little tension can be developed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Individual muscle contain a mixture of fiber types, but the __ varies depending on the use of the muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each motor unit contains how many fiber types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is there any muscle in the body that only has 1 fiber type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Control of whole muscle tension depends on what 2 factors? |
|
Definition
1. Amount of tension developed by each fiber 2. Number of fibers contracting at any one time |
|
|
Term
The amount of tension developed by each fiber depends on what 4 things? |
|
Definition
1. Frequency-tension relation (AP frequency) 2. Length-tension relationship 3. Fiber diameter 4. Fatigue |
|
|
Term
The number of fibers contracting at any one time depends on 2 things? |
|
Definition
1. Number of fibers in each motor unit 2. Number of units active at any one time |
|
|
Term
Muscles that make very small, precise movements have __ motor units for precision and find tension control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscles that make course movements have __ motor units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The neuronal process of increasing the number of motor units that are active in a muscle at any given time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Achieved by activating more excitatory synaptic inputs to motor neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ diameter neurons are recruied first because they generate action potentials faster than __ diameter neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When neurons are recruited they innervate what type of fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As the level of synaptic input increases, __ diameter neurons are recruited. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Larger diameter neurons innervate what types of fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__ strength exercises involve Type I and IIa fibers that are resistant to fatigue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type IIb fibers get recruited when the intensity of the contraction exceeds __% of the maximal tension a muscle can produce. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Allows for increases in force and velocity of shortening because it decreases the "load" placed on individual motor units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shortening velocity of a whole muscle depends on what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1. Load on the muscle 2. Types of motor units in the muscle 3. Number of motor units recruited to work against the load |
|
|
Term
The reduction in diameter of a muscle fiber and the amount of contractile proteins within it due to the either damage to the motor neuron or NMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An increase in the amount of contractile activity increases the size of muscle fibers and increases their capacity for __ production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Long duration, low intensity exercise "aerobic", increases the number of __ in fiber that are recruited for those activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Long duration low intensity exercise "aerobic" increases the number of capillaries in the region. The increase in number of capillaries and mitochondria lead to a greater capacity for fiber to produce what? |
|
Definition
ATP via oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
Long duration, low intensity exercise __ endurance and __ fatigue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With long duration - low intensity exercise, the fiber diameter slighlty __ which causes a slight __ in fiber strength with endurance training. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Long duration - low intensity exercise uses what types of fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Short duration - high intensity exercise "strength" uses what type of fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Short duration - high intensity exercise "strength" effects primarily the fast-glycolytic fibers that are recruiting during __ contractions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Short duration - high intensity exercise fibers undergo synthesis of more actin/myosin filaments, __ number of myofibrils, __ fiber diameter, __ muscle mass. |
|
Definition
Increased Increased Increased |
|
|
Term
Short duration - high intensity exercise increases the number of glycolytic enzymes. It increases strength of muscle and size of the muscle but they __ rapidly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Has little effect of the TYPES of myoszin enzymes produced, therefore it does not change the proportion of fast/slow fibers that any one muscle contains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Changes the RATE at which the enzymes are produced, and thus effects the proportion of ox/glyco fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do we know the precise cause of muscle cramps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle cramps are likely relation to what? |
|
Definition
Electrolyte imbalance in the ECF surrounding muscle and nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
May arise from overexercise, dehydration, or chemical imbalances within the muscle fiber. |
|
Definition
Inbalances (which lead to muscle cramps) |
|
|
Term
May result secondary to other disorders whihc involved sufficient removal of metabolic waste from the muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Left ventricular failure is often associated with muscle cramps...why? |
|
Definition
Inadequate cardiac output which leads to hypoxic tissure and slowed removal of metabolic waste |
|
|
Term
Involuntary titanic contraction that occurs when ECF Ca++ concentration falls to about 40% normal. Low serum Ca++ induces the opening of Na+ channels in excitable membranes leading to depolarization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Associated with progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers, weakening of muscles and ultimately death due to respiratory and cardiac failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disease affecting the nicotinic cholinergic receptors within the motor end plate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antibodies against the receptors are thought to bind the receptors and prevent EPP. Current treatments include administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or glucocorticoids (blunt the immune response) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Potentially fatal muscle toxicity that results from disintegration of muscle tissue due to acute trauma, burns, or unaccustomed intensity or duration of muscle contraction (especially eccentric conctractions) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Muscle pain from Rhabdomyolysis occurs as broken fibers leak __ into the ECF, and a cascade of chemical reactions insue due to damaged blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Produces ATP the fastest, shortest endurance duration (8-10 sec) Used for power surges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Produces ATP at moderate speed, short endurance duration (1-1.6 minutes) |
|
Definition
Glycogen-Lactic Acid System |
|
|
Term
Slowest in terms of ATP. Requires end products of phosphagen system and glycogen-lactic acid system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Has the greatest endurance value (unlimited), used for prolonged athletic activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stored ATP can sustain up to __ seconds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stored creatine phosphate and ATP can sustain up to __ seconds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Much of muscle glycogen is converted into __ but can produce considerable ATP without oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Another term for the aerobic system |
|
Definition
|
|