Term
| What does dystrophy mean? |
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Definition
| Disorder where organ / tissue wastes away (degeneration) |
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Term
| What does hypertrophy mean? |
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Definition
| Enlargement of an organ /tissue from increase in size of its cells |
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Term
| What is the major mineral found in bones? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Calcium commonly bonds to what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the major protein found in bone? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone dissolvers / thinners |
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Term
| 2 hormones that maintain homeostatic blood calcium and phosphate levels? |
|
Definition
| Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone |
|
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Term
| 5 mechanism body uses to restore amount of calcium and phosphate in blood to get back to homeostatic levels? |
|
Definition
1. Bone: increase release of calcium from bone into blood – ncrease osteoclast activity
2. Kidney: decrease calcium release in urine
3. Small intestine: calcitriol increases absorption of calcium
4. PTH release: increase osteoclast activity, inhibits osteoblast activity
Calcitriol: calcium reuptake into kidney into blood |
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Term
| What do you call an individual muscle cell? |
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Definition
| Muscle fiber / myocyte (smooth / cardiac / skeletal) |
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Term
| Whats the main component of muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is involved in signalling skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine (ACh) which binds Na channels causing action potential |
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Term
What is the effect of decreased:
protein
Calcium
In bone? |
|
Definition
Protein (collagen) – organic matter: brittle
Calcium - mineral: soft |
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Term
|
Definition
Diaphysis: hollow shaft
Central / medullary canal: shaft containing yellow marrow
Epiphyses: ends of diaphysis. Site of bone growth, covered by articular cartilage
Epiphyseal cartilage: separates epiphysis from diaphysis, site of growth in length
Red marrow: site of blood cell production / haemopoiesis. Foundi n all bones of kids, adults found in long bones
Yellow marro: not haemopoietic |
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Term
| What are joints and what are the 3 types? |
|
Definition
Two bones meet, site of movement
Fibrous: immovable e.g. sutures in skull
Cartilaginous: immovable and slightly movable e.g. intervertebral joints
Synovial joints: freely movable |
|
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Term
| What does synovial fluid do? (3) |
|
Definition
Lubricates to prevent friction of synovial joint
Provides nutrients and removes wastes
Shock absorber |
|
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Term
Define each of the following
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Pronation
Supination
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion |
|
Definition
Flexion: bending joint, making angle acute e.g. bending knees flexes knees and hips
Extension: straightening a joing to make angle more obtuse e.g. standing up from a chair
Abduction: move parts away from body
Adduction: moving parts towards body
Rotation: twisting e.g. shaking head no
Pronation: hands down
Supination: hands up
Inversion: sole in
Eversion: sole out
Dorsiflexion: toes up
Plantar flexion: toes down |
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Term
| What does articulate mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do all the digits of the hand have the same number of bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the anterior muscles of the thigh called? |
|
Definition
| Quadriceps, thigh flexion and knee extensions |
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|
Term
| What are the posterior muscles of the thigh calls? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Achilles tendon? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the rectus abdominis muscles medial or lateral to the external oblique muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where are the following muscles?
1. Pectoralis major
2. Latissimus dorsi
3. Deltoid
4. Trapezious
5. Sternocleidomastoid
6. Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii |
|
Definition
1. Upper chest
2. Lower back, triangular
3. Shoulder
4. Upper back
5. Neck
6. Front
7. Back |
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Term
| In the parasympathetic system – preganglionic fibres are ______ and postganglionic fibres are _____? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What receptor can be found at the neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effector for the patellar reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of an encapsulated tacilte receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which adrenergic receptor leads to an increase in heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the spiral organ of Corti? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors can be found on target cells responding to ACh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which taste sensation comes from presence of alkaloids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Give an example of a
long
irregular
flat
short
bone |
|
Definition
long: tibia
irregular: vertabrae, sacrum
flat: scapula, sternum
short: carpals, tarsals |
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