Term
| Requirements for useful muscle contraction |
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Definition
| energy source (atp) through anerobic/aerobic production, resistance to act agains (skeleton) |
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Definition
| fluid filled (incompressible) space or tube |
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Definition
| 1, bone (vertebrates) 2. chitin (anthropods) 3. calcium chlorids (mollusks) - there is a framework for muscle attachment and action |
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Definition
| restrict growth - there are constraints on body size |
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Definition
| can grow with the organism |
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Definition
| form body's central axis: spine, skull, ribs |
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Definition
| limbs and connecting bones connected by girdles (pectoral and pelvic) |
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Definition
| propulsive force from flexion of the body |
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Definition
| propulsive force produced by limbs |
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Term
| components of vertebrate skeleton |
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Definition
| 1. Cartilage 2. living cells (chondrocytes) 3. fibers (collagen, elastin) |
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Definition
| connective gelatinous matric: condroitin sulfate, resistant to compression and changes shape under stress |
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Definition
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Definition
| fiber in vertebrate skeleton, provides tensile strength |
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Definition
| part of vertebrate skeleton- provides flexibility |
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Definition
| connective, rigid part of skeletal system, has living cells, a crystal matrix, fibers, and blood vessels/nerves |
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Definition
| crystal matrix of bones, rigid and bears weight without deformation |
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Definition
| internal supply of blood vessels involved in bone formation and modification: osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts |
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Definition
| internal in lacunae of mature bone: provide maintenance, calcium balance, and stress sensors |
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Definition
| at bone surface, produce new bone |
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Definition
| break down bone by reabsorbing matrix; mobile |
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Term
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Definition
| internal cavities of larget bones - blood cell formation and marrow tissue is in it. |
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Definition
| outer layer of bone - dense matrix of blood vessels and nerves. Weight bearing section, organized as concentric rings around canals. |
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Definition
| increase in length at ends of long bones - fuse when growth ceases |
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Definition
| rigid, slightly mobile, and highly mobile |
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Definition
| rigid joints - skull, epiphyseal plates: allow growth at margins until they fuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly mobile joints: cartilage/ligaments allow limited movement between bones (i.e. tibia/fibula) |
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Definition
| highly mobile joints: cartilage caps on bones minimize fiction. |
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Term
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Definition
| connect bone-bone or cartilate-cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| connect muscle to bone/cartilage |
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Definition
| smooth, cardiac, and skeletal |
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Definition
| slow, sustained contractions: neurogenic or myogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| heart muscle - myogenic contractions. |
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Definition
| striated, neurogenic (voluntary) |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary muscle movement |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| = motor end plate. synapse of axon terminal with muscle cell, released acetylcholine into synaptic cleft. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle cell membrane - acetylcholine receptors (excitatory) - chemically-gated Na+ channels for depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| propagates depolarization: |
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Term
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Definition
| tubular bundles of contractile proteins |
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Definition
| membrane sacs surrounding myofibrils - store Ca++ ions |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated segment of myofibril |
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Term
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Definition
| "string of pearls" thin filament- binding sites for myosin heads, at rest the sites are blockd by troponin and tropomyosin |
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Term
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Definition
| golf clubs with mobile heads - thick filament - move back and forth repeatedly - use ATP |
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Definition
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Definition
| holds myosin filaments in center of sarcomere - stretchable, stores energy |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to actin filament - "on/off" mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP supply for 0-30 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP supply for 10sec-3/4 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| provides ATP from 30 sec - indefinite |
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Term
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Definition
| one contraction of muscle fiber |
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Definition
| high-frequency stimulation when force production reaches maximum - tetanus sustains until stimulation stops or fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| rate modulation - one cell |
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Term
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Definition
| = motor unit recruitment - stimulate more muscle cells to contract simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| all muscle cells stimulated by a single motor neuron |
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