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SHSWG VIVJAZ
EOC Vocab
111
Geography
9th Grade
05/13/2012

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hinduism
Definition
dominant religion of India; polytheistic; believe in reincarnation (rebirth) and Karma (rebirth into higher or lower caste dependent on lifestyle); have hereditary social classes called castes.
Term
Buddhism
Definition
religion that originated in India about 500 BC; follow the teachings of Buddha; follow the Eightfold Path; spread to China, Tibet, Japan and Thailand where it became a religion.
Term
Judaism
Definition
first monotheistic religion; Old Testament of Bible; Ten Commandments moral code of conduct
Term
Christianity
Definition
world’s most popular religion; follows Jesus Christ’s teachings; includes many different sects; main regions are Americas and Europe.
Term
Islam
Definition
monotheistic; founded by Mohammed in 600 AD; Holy book is the Koran; 5 pillars of Faith; popular in the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia
Term
Sikhism
Definition
monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of Northern India in the 15th century. Combines Hinduism and Islam; 5thlargest organized religion. Founder was Guru Nanak.
Term

Gender Role
Definition
roles specifically assigned to men or women in a culture
Term
Urban
Definition
referring to a city setting; usually has a high population density and diverse cultures
Term
Ural
Definition
mountain range that runs through western Russia and is considered to be the dividing line between Europe and Asia
Term
Multicultural
Definition
containing a mix of peoples and cultures
Term
Social Class
Definition
divisions of a cultures people based on wealth, power and prestige
Term
Social mobility 
Definition
refers to how easy or hard it is to change one’s social class within a culture.
Term
Cultural Region
Definition
region where people share common cultural characteristics
Term
Functional Region
Definition
area defined by one function that may cross political boundaries. Often they are organized around a focal point such as a city
Term
Perceptual Region
Definition
based on people’s attitudes and emotions about a place. Ex: the “Deep South”
Term
Middle East
Definition
Region that lies at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Term
Suez Canal 
Definition
canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and shortens the traveling distance between Europe and Asia
Term
 Latin America
Definition
applies to all of the Americas south of the United States. It has 4 main areas, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies ( Caribbean) and South America
Term
Panama Canal
Definition
An important human-made feature in this region that goes through the Isthmus of Panama joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and serves as a major route for International trade.
Term
Sub-Saharan Africa
Definition
the areas of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Many different ethnic groups with animistic, Christian, and Islamic religions; many affected by the slave trade and colonization
Term
Oceania
Definition
the Pacific islands of New Zealand ( colonized by the British) and other smaller nations like Tahiti that are spread across the South Pacific
Term
 Demography
Definition
the study of population
Term
Urbanization
Definition
the movement of greater numbers of people into cities
Term
Settlement patterns
Definition
Human factors affect where people settle, like having a capital city at a central location; location along transportation routes; new technology can override physical barriers, and natural resources can attract settlers to an otherwise unfavorable area
Term
Population Density
Definition
how many people live in a given area
Term
Population Pyramid
Definition
a visual that compares the number of males and females in a society and it includes the average ages of its members. Each group will be represented by a different bar
Term
Shanty Town
Definition
a slum settlement where poor people live in dwellings made from scrap materials—such as plywood, corrugated metal and plastic sheets.
Term
 Push and Pull Factors
Definition
the major reasons for migration that either “push” people out of their old location while “pull” factors lure migrants to a new location. Ex: push- poverty, political conflict, environmental factors, oppression. Ex: pull- freedom, economic opportunity (jobs) cultural ties
Term
Social factors
Definition
concern how people organize into groups, such as religious groups.
Term
Ethnic Persecution
Definition
when they need to migrate due to being persecuted for being members of a particular ethnic group. Ex: Rwandans needed to flee to neighboring countries to avoid being massacred
Term
Religious Persecution
Definition
when religious minorities have to leave a place due to their beliefs
Term
Environmental Factors
Definition
migration due to the environment, like a drought, crop failures, floods, fires, earthquakes that force people to migrate.
Term
 Forced Migration
Definition
when a migration is forced such as the Atlantic Slave Trade. This migration has accompanied war and the persecution of people throughout most of history.
Term
 Physical Barriers
Definition
natural features that were once a migration to human migration. Examples are mountains, deserts or dense forests.
Term
 Land bridge
Definition
a natural feature where people used to be able to walk from one land mass to another, like across the Bering Strait now that used to be a land bridge from Asia to North America ( Alaska area)
Term
 Diffusion
Definition
how something diffuses or spreads
Term
Spatial exchange
Definition
(Cultural Diffusion) when ideas, products, and even cultural traits can spread from one culture to another.
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
when new plants, animals, ideas and even diseases were exchanged between the peoples of the Americas and those of Europe.
Term
Cultural Convergence
Definition
when different cultures exchange ideas and become more similar
Term
Cultural Divergence
Definition
when different cultural influences cause an area to divide into separate parts.
Term
Pandemic
Definition
an epidemic over a wide geographic area.
 
Term
Traditional Ways
Definition
these societies prefer to do things much as their ancestors have done
Term
Genocide
Definition
when a dominant group tries to completely eliminate a religious or ethnic group -The mass murder of a people.
 
Term
Terrorism
Definition
the use of threats of terror against innocent civilians to gain attention and achieve a group’s aims
Term
Technology
Definition
the use of materials, tools, and skills to meet human needs.
 
Term
Technological innovation
Definition
the development of new technologies
Term
GPS
Definition
a spatial information system that merge information from satellites and land base sources.
Term
 Desalinization
Definition
the removal of salt from ocean water
Term
Constitutional monarchy
Definition
kingdom in which the ruler’s powers are limited by a constitution
Term
Direct Democracy
Definition
a form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly
Term
Representative Democracy
Definition
government where the people rule through elected representatives
Term
 Dictatorship 
Definition
government in which an individual or groups holds complete powe r
Term
 Political Power
Definition
 ability of a person or group to determine the policy of a government to serve their individual or group interest
Term
Political Region
Definition
 a geographic area that is run by a specific government and has its own laws; there are various levels of political regions, such as: a country, a state, districts within a state, and cities within a state
Term
 Political Unit 
Definition
 a unit of territory defined by boundaries set by political authority and usually having a separate political organization
Term
. Borders 
Definition
es that separate one country, state, province, etc., from another
Term
 Sovereign Nation
Definition
the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed and from which all specific political powers are derived; the intentional independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign interference
Term
International Relations
Definition
a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies
Term
 Balance Of Power
Definition
an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another

 

Term
United Nations 
Definition
an international organization of countries set up in 1945, in succession to the League of Nations, to promote international peace, security, and cooperation
Term
European Union
Definition
an economic and political association of European countries as a unit with internal free trade and common external tariffs

 

Term
Decision Making Process 
Definition
a process of intelligence, design, and choice activities that result in the selection of a particular course of action

 

Term
Government Policy 
Definition
the course of action (or inaction) taken by the state with regard to a particular issue
Term
Point Of View
Definition
 the spatial property of the position from which something is observed

 

Term
Cultural Beliefs
Definition
the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a of a particular nation, people, or other social group
Term
Patriotism
Definition
love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

 

Term
Nationalism
Definition
the belief that people should be loyal to their nation

 

Term
Economics
Definition
he branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management

 

Term
Economist
Definition
an expert in economics who understands systems of production and distribution and consumption
Term
 Economic System
Definition
he way people produce and exchange goods

 

Term
Problem of scarcity
Definition
the fact that humanity does not possess the resources to fulfill everybody’s wishes, desires and needs all at once and all of the time; this leads to disagreements, or conflicts, between individuals and groups over how the finite resources should be distributed
Term
Traditional Economy 
Definition
n economy based on agriculture, with others in society working in simple crafts, such as the manufacturing of cloth or pottery

 

Term
Subsistence Farming
Definition
when people raise just enough food or animals to meet their own needs
Term
 Cottage Industries
Definition

small-scale business or manufacturing activity that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment

 

Term
Free Enterprise System
Definition

conomic system in which private individuals own most of the resources, technology, and businesses and can operate them with little government control

 
Term
Capitalism
Definition
an economic system in which the means of productions and distribution are privately owned and operated for a private profit; decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors in the market rather than by central planning by the government.
Term
Profit
Definition
a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Term
Supply And Demand 
Definition
an economic model of price determination in a market; it concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium of price and quantity
Term
Commercial Industries 
Definition
economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories for the purpose of making a profit
Term
 Communist Economy 
Definition
he government owns and operates all businesses. A plan is developed by the government, and factory managers are given quotas to meet based upon the national plan.
Term
 Socialist Economy 
Definition
The government owns and operates many basic industries, while other businesses are privately owned.
Term
Mixed Economy 
Definition
Most countries have economies that blend features of each of the other types of economies.
Term
Human Development Index 
Definition
Developed by the United Nations to measure a country’s level of economic development. THE HDI takes into account demographic, economic, social, and political indicators to determine the level of economic development and standards of living of the people in a nation.
Term
Less Developed
Definition
A country where most people are engaged in primary economic activities such as agriculture and mining.
Term
Newly Developed
Definition
A country where large numbers of people are engaged in secondary economic activities, mainly manufacturing.
Term
More Developed 
Definition
 Like the U.S. Most workers are engaged in tertiary or quaternary economic activities, such as performing services or processing information.
Term
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 
Definition
The total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year.
Term
GDP Per Capita
Definition
GDP/total population in a country. Reflects the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year by an average person.
Term
Infant Mortality Rate
Definition
The number of infants who die for every thousand births. Closely related to the level of medical care available when an infant is born.
Term
Literacy Rate 
Definition
Percentage of people in a country who can read and write
Term
Primary Activities
Definition
The most basic economic activities in all societies involve the production of foods and the extraction of resources.
Term
Secondary Activities
Definition
The manufacture and production of goods. Adds value to raw materials by processing them or by changing their form.
Term
Tertiary Activities
Definition
Deals with services. This sector is identified by a variety of services performed by people and businesses. In U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers.
Term
Quaternary Activities
Definition
Economic activities involving information processing and management. 
Term
Globalization
Definition
The creation of a single global economy and community.
Term
 Outsourcing
Definition
The process by which a company hires other companies to perform some of its work.
Term
 Human Resources
Definition
 People are an ingredient in producing a good or service. Where people are located also affects the location of economic activities.
Term
 Capital Resources
Definition
Goods made that are used to make other goods and services, rather than being consumed.
 
Term
 Infrastructure
Definition
The foundation upon which business operate and is critical for economic growth. It’s a type of capital resource that is the investment that a society makes by building roads, railroads, electric power plants telephone and internet lines. Infrastructure also includes the investment a society makes in providing a system of law-and-order, money and banking, hospitals and healthcare, and other essential services.
Term
 Entrepreneurship 
Definition
The acts of people who bring together and organize all the other productive resources. Usually are business owners or managers.
 
Term
Productive Resources
Definition
Natural resources, human resources, and capital resources that are used by entrepreneurs.
Term
Specialization
Definition
Different areas seem to specialize in specific economic activities, which leads to trade.
 
Term
Comparative Advantage 
Definition
Due to uneven distribution of both natural and human resources, each region tends to make certain types of goods, based on the productive resources it has available. Each region will produce those goods and services it cam make at the lowest cost.
Term
 Export
Definition
Goods and services sold from one country to other countries.
Term
Import
Definition
Goods from foreign countries brought into a country for use or sale.
Term
Protective Tariff
Definition
Taxes added to imported goods to protect a country’s existing industries.
Term
 Free Trade Zone
Definition
 No tariffs or quotas between member countries to restrict trade.
 
Term
 Per Capita Income
Definition
Or income per person is a measure of average income within a country. It is calculated by taking all sources of income (such as GDP or National Income) and dividing it by the total population. This can be used to compare countries’ economic development.
Term
 Life Expectancy
Definition
The average age that a person in a given country can expect to live to. Usually ties back to the economic development status of a country.
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