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| a flat 2 dimensional representation of space |
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| a list of what symbols mean |
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| where the 4 basic directions are |
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| used to show how much a map’s size has been reduced |
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| shows information based on a theme |
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| imaginary horizontal lines that run parallel across the earth (north or south) |
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| imaginary lines that run up and down on a map (east and west) |
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| stretches around the middle of the earth. 0 degrees of latitude |
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| important longitude lines that divides the earth into |
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| 7 large land masses on earth |
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| largest desert in the world in Northern Africa |
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| an area where tall, large grasses grow in Africa |
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| rea of tropical forest where they get 60 to 100 inches of rainfall a year |
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| area of frozen land, with short grasses and moss. Typically found near or around the Arctic Circle |
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| a large piece of land smaller then a continent |
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| defined by common landforms, soils, climate, vegetation, or animal life |
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| has clear boundaries and is usually defined by 1 characteristic, like rainfall |
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| Earth’s crust and the top section of the mantle |
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| a region of hot, dense rock |
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| everything on earth is on a large metal plate |
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| he spread of heat through the movement of a liquid substance |
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| immense ocean wave cause by an earthquake under water |
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| the wearing down of rocks on the earth’s surface by wind, water, ice, and living things |
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| when rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away |
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| deposit or building up of materials caused by erosion |
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| the process of using and creating water on the earth’s |
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| movement’s of the ocean’s water |
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| gases that surround the earth |
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| distinct geographic regions with their own types of plants and animals |
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| temperate grasslands in the northern hemisphere |
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| flat, treeless lands forming a ring around the Arctic Ocean |
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| weather pattern created by the warming of the waters off the west coast of S. America, which pushes warm water and heavy rains |
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| opposite of El Nino; causes drought conditions in the Americas and heavy rains in Asia and Australia |
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| challenge for the future caused by the burning of fossil fuels; Increased carbon dioxide amounts cause temperatures to rise and polar ice caps to start melting causing sea levels to rise |
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| resources that can renew themselves over a period of time |
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| resources that cannot be renewed during our lifetime, or only used once |
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| the variety of organisms in an ecosystem |
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| Geographic Information System – technology that uses digital map information to create a databank |
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| using resources in a way that can meet future as well as present human demands |
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| total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a group. |
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| A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time. |
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| dominant religion of India; polytheistic; believe in reincarnation (rebirth) and Karma (rebirth into higher or lower caste dependent on lifestyle); have hereditary social classes called castes. |
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| religion that originated in India about 500 BC; follow the teachings of Buddha; follow the Eightfold Path; spread to China, Tibet, Japan and Thailand where it became a religion. |
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| first monotheistic religion; Old Testament of Bible; Ten Commandments moral code of conduct |
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| world’s most popular religion; follows Jesus Christ’s teachings; includes many different sects; main regions are Americas and Europe. |
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| monotheistic; founded by Mohammed in 600 AD; Holy book is the Koran; 5 pillars of Faith; popular in the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia |
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| monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of Northern India in the 15th century. Combines Hinduism and Islam; 5th largest organized religion. Founder was Guru Nanak. |
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| roles specifically assigned to men or women in a culture |
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| referring to a city setting; usually has a high population density and diverse cultures |
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| mountain range that runs through western Russia and is considered to be the dividing line between Europe and Asia |
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| containing a mix of peoples and cultures |
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| divisions of a cultures people based on wealth, power and prestige |
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| refers to how easy or hard it is to change one’s social class within a culture. |
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region where people share common cultural characteristics
58. Functional Region – area defined by one function that may cross political boundaries. Often they are organized around a focal point such as a city |
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| based on people’s attitudes and emotions about a place. Ex: the “Deep South” |
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| Region that lies at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa |
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| canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and shortens the traveling distance between Europe and Asia |
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| applies to all of the Americas south of the United States. It has 4 main areas, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies ( Caribbean) and South America |
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| An important human-made feature in this region that goes through the Isthmus of Panama joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and serves as a major route for International trade. |
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| Africa-the areas of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Many different ethnic groups with animistic, Christian, and Islamic religions; many affected by the slave trade and colonization |
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| the Pacific islands of New Zealand ( colonized by the British) and other smaller nations like Tahiti that are spread across the South Pacific |
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| he movement of greater numbers of people into cities |
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| Human factors affect where people settle, like having a capital city at a central location; location along transportation routes; new technology can override physical barriers, and natural resources can attract settlers to an otherwise unfavorable area |
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| how many people live in a given area |
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| a visual that compares the number of males and females in a society and it includes the average ages of its members. Each group will be represented by a different bar |
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| a slum settlement where poor people live in dwellings made from scrap materials—such as plywood, corrugated metal and plastic sheets. |
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| the major reasons for migration that either “push” people out of their old location while “pull” factors lure migrants to a new location. Ex: push- poverty, political conflict, environmental factors, oppression. Ex: pull- freedom, economic opportunity (jobs) cultural ties |
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| concern how people organize into groups, such as religious groups. |
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| when they need to migrate due to being persecuted for being members of a particular ethnic group. Ex: Rwandans needed to flee to neighboring countries to avoid being massacred |
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| when religious minorities have to leave a place due to their beliefs |
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| migration due to the environment, like a drought, crop failures, floods, fires, earthquakes that force people to migrate. |
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| when a migration is forced such as the Atlantic Slave Trade. This migration has accompanied war and the persecution of people throughout most of history. |
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| natural features that were once a migration to human migration. Examples are mountains, deserts or dense forests. |
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| a natural feature where people used to be able to walk from one land mass to another, like across the Bering Strait now that used to be a land bridge from Asia to North America ( Alaska area) |
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| how something diffuses or spreads |
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| (Cultural Diffusion) when ideas, products, and even cultural traits can spread from one culture to another. |
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| when new plants, animals, ideas and even diseases were exchanged between the peoples of the Americas and those of Europe. |
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| when different cultures exchange ideas and become more similar |
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| when different cultural influences cause an area to divide into separate parts. |
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| an epidemic over a wide geographic area |
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| hese societies prefer to do things much as their ancestors have done |
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| the spread of ideas, good, technologies, and cultural traits from one society to another. |
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| when a dominant group tries to completely eliminate a religious or ethnic group -The mass murder of a people |
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| the use of threats of terror against innocent civilians to gain attention and achieve a group’s aims |
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| the use of materials, tools, and skills to meet human needs |
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| the development of new technologies |
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spatial information system that merge information from satellites and land base sources.
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| the removal of salt from ocean water |
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| kingdom in which the ruler’s powers are limited by a constitution |
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form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly
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| government where the people rule through elected representatives |
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| government in which an individual or groups holds complete power |
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| ability of a person or group to determine the policy of a government to serve their individual or group interest |
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| a geographic area that is run by a specific government and has its own laws; there are various levels of political regions, such as: a country, a state, districts within a state, and cities within a state |
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| a unit of territory defined by boundaries set by political authority and usually having a separate political organization |
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| lines that separate one country, state, province, etc., from another |
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| the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed and from which all specific political powers are derived; the intentional independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign interference |
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a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies
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| an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another |
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an international organization of countries set up in 1945, in succession to the League of Nations, to promote international peace, security, and cooperation
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| an economic and political association of European countries as a unit with internal free trade and common external tariffs |
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a process of intelligence, design, and choice activities that result in the selection of a particular course of action
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the course of action (or inaction) taken by the state with regard to a particular issue
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| the spatial property of the position from which something is observed |
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| the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a of a particular nation, people, or other social group |
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| love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it |
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| the belief that people should be loyal to their nation |
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the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management
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| an expert in economics who understands systems of production and distribution and consumption |
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| the way people produce and exchange goods |
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| the fact that humanity does not possess the resources to fulfill everybody’s wishes, desires and needs all at once and all of the time; this leads to disagreements, or conflicts, between individuals and groups over how the finite resources should be distributed |
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| an economy based on agriculture, with others in society working in simple crafts, such as the manufacturing of cloth or pottery |
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| when people raise just enough food or animals to meet their own needs |
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small-scale business or manufacturing activity that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment
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economic system in which private individuals own most of the resources, technology, and businesses and can operate them with little government control
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| an economic system in which the means of productions and distribution are privately owned and operated for a private profit; decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors in the market rather than by central planning by the government. |
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| a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something |
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| an economic model of price determination in a market; it concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium of price and quantity |
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| economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories for the purpose of making a profit |
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| The government owns and operates all businesses. A plan is developed by the government, and factory managers are given quotas to meet based upon the national plan. |
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| The government owns and operates many basic industries, while other businesses are privately owned |
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| Most countries have economies that blend features of each of the other types of economies. |
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| Developed by the United Nations to measure a country’s level of economic development. THE HDI takes into account demographic, economic, social, and political indicators to determine the level of economic development and standards of living of the people in a nation. |
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| Developed by the United Nations to measure a country’s level of economic development. THE HDI takes into account demographic, economic, social, and political indicators to determine the level of economic development and standards of living of the people in a nation. |
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| A country where most people are engaged in primary economic activities such as agriculture and minin |
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| A country where large numbers of people are engaged in secondary economic activities, mainly manufacturing. |
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| Like the U.S. Most workers are engaged in tertiary or quaternary economic activities, such as performing services or processing information |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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| The total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year. |
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| GDP/total population in a country. Reflects the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year by an average person. |
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| The number of infants who die for every thousand births. Closely related to the level of medical care available when an infant is born. |
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| Percentage of people in a country who can read and write |
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| The most basic economic activities in all societies involve the production of foods and the extraction of resources. |
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| The manufacture and production of goods. Adds value to raw materials by processing them or by changing their form. |
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| Deals with services. This sector is identified by a variety of services performed by people and businesses. In U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers. |
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Economic activities involving information processing and management.
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| The creation of a single global economy and community. |
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| Deals with services. This sector is identified by a variety of services performed by people and businesses. In U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers. |
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| The process by which a company hires other companies to perform some of its work. |
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| People are an ingredient in producing a good or service. Where people are located also affects the location of economic activities. |
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| Goods made that are used to make other goods and services, rather than being consumed. |
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| The foundation upon which business operate and is critical for economic growth. It’s a type of capital resource that is the investment that a society makes by building roads, railroads, electric power plants telephone and internet lines. Infrastructure also includes the investment a society makes in providing a system of law-and-order, money and banking, hospitals and healthcare, and other essential services. |
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| The acts of people who bring together and organize all the other productive resources. Usually are business owners or managers. |
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| Natural resources, human resources, and capital resources that are used by entrepreneurs. |
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| Different areas seem to specialize in specific economic activities, which leads to trade. |
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| Due to uneven distribution of both natural and human resources, each region tends to make certain types of goods, based on the productive resources it has available. Each region will produce those goods and services it cam make at the lowest cost. |
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| Goods and services sold from one country to other countries |
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| Goods from foreign countries brought into a country for use or sale |
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| Taxes added to imported goods to protect a country’s existing industries. |
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| No tariffs or quotas between member countries to restrict trade |
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| Or income per person is a measure of average income within a country. It is calculated by taking all sources of income (such as GDP or National Income) and dividing it by the total population. This can be used to compare countries’ economic development |
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| The average age that a person in a given country can expect to live to. Usually ties back to the economic development status of a country |
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