notch on the superior border of the scaupla located medial to the attachement of the corcacoid process.

it is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament; the suprascapular: a. passes superior transverse scapular ligament and the suprascapular n. passes inferior to it (Army goes over the bridge, Navy goes under the bridge)

a broad, flat process located at the lateral end of the scapular spine

it articulates with the clavicle through a synovial joint (acromioclavicular joint)

a broad depression located superior to the spine of the scapula

it is the site of origin of the supraspinatus m.

a broad depression located inferior to the spine of the scapula

it is the site of origin of the infraspinatus m.

the smooth rounded proximal end of the humerus

it articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scpula to form the shoulder joint

constricted regoin located inferolateral to the head

it is located at the circumference of the smooth articular surface of the head

the proximal part of the shaft of the humerus

it is located inferior to the greater and lesser tubercles; it is a site of frequent fracture; fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus endanger the axillary n. and the posterior circumflex humeral a.

the large projection located lateral to the head of the humerus

it is the attachment site of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor mm.

the projection located lateral to the head of the humerus on the anterior surface

it is the insertion site of the subscapularis m.

a knob-like projection on the lateral side of the humerus proximal to the capitulum

it is the site of attachment of the common extensor tendon which is the origin of several forearm extensor muscles (extensor carpi radialis brevis m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., extensor carpi ulnaris m. and supinator m.); inflammation of the attachment of the common extensor tendon is called lateral epicondylitis which is also known as "tennis elbow" (Greek, kondylos = the knob formed by the knuckle of any joint

a knob-like projection on the medial side of the humerus proximal to the trochlea

it is the attachment site of the common flexor tendon which is the origin for the superficial group of forearm flexor muscles (pronator teres m., flexor carpi radialis m., palmaris longus m., flexor carpi ulnaris m. and flexor digitorum superficialis m.); inflammation of the attachment of the common flexor tendon is called medial epicondylitis which is also known as "tennis elbow"; the ulnar nerve is in contact with bone as it courses posterior to the medial epicondyle where it is susceptible to injury from blunt trauma or fracture Greek, kondylos = the knob formed by the knuckle of any joint)

the groove that spirals around the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus

it is a depression for the radial n. and the deep brachial vessels; fracture of the humerus at mid-shaft can injure the radial nerve and deep brachial vessels because they are in contact with bone at this location

the anterior projection of bone located distal to the trochlear notch

(greek, coronoid = resembles a crow)

a small projection from the distal surface of the head of the ulna

it is the site of attachment of the articular disk of the distal radioulnar joint

the bone on the lateral side of the forearm (antebrachium)

the radius pivots on its long axis and crosses the ulna during pronation

the rounded proximal end of the radius

it has a smooth, rounded surface for articulation with the ulna; the head of the radius is encircled by the annular ligament (4/5 of a circle) and the radial notch of the ulna (1/5 of a circle)

the constricted area of the radius located distal to the head

the radius surrounds the head of the radius, not the neck of the radius

a roughened area on the anteromedial surface of the radius located just distal to the neck

it is the insertion site of the tendon of the biceps brachii m.

orgin: lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, lower lip of the crest of the spine of the scapula

insertion:deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

action: abducts arm; anterior fibers flex & medially rotate arm; posterior fibers extend & laterally rotate arm

innervation:axillary nerve (C5,6) from posterior cord of brachial plexus

notes: deltoid is the principle abductor of the arm but due to poor mechanical advantage it cannot initiate this action; assisted by supraspinatus

orgin: dorsum of the inferior angle of scapula

insetion:crest of lesser tubercle of humerus

action: adducts arm, medially rotates arm, assists in arm extension

innervation: lower subscapular nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

notes: teres major inserts beside the tendon of latissimus dorsi, and assists latissimus in its actions (Latin, teres = round)

rotator cuff

supraspinatus

orgin: supraspinatus fossa

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus (highest facet)

action: abduct arm (initiate abduction)

innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5,6) from superior trunk of brachial plexus

notes: supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm, then the deltoid muscle completes the action

orgin:infraspinatus fossa

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus (middle facet)

action: laterally rotate arm

innvervation: suprascapular nerve

notes: infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapular is are the rotator cuff muscles 

origin: upper 2/3 of the lateral border of the scapula

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus (lowest facet

action: laterally rotates arm

innervation:axillary

notes: fixes head of humerus in glenoid fossa during abduction & flexion of arm

Orgin:  medial two-thirds of costal surface of scapula (subscapular fossa)

insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus

 action: medially rotates arm; assists extension of arm

innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5,6)

notes: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor are the rotator cuff muscles

orgin: short head:tip of coracoid process; long head supuaglenoid tubercle of scapula

insertion: tuberosity of radius

action: flexed forearm (long head) supinates 

innervation: musculocuta neous nerve (c5,6)

notes: a powerful supinator only if the elbow is flexed 

origin: anterior surface of lower one half of humerus and  intermuscular septa

insertion: ulnar tuberosity of ulna

action: flexes forearm

innervation: musculocuta neous nerve (c5,6)

notes: powerful flexor 

coracoid process of scapula

medial humerus at mid-shaft

flexes and adducts arm

musculocuta neous nerve (c5,6)

musculocuteaneous nerve passes through the coracobrac hialis muscle to reach the other arm flexors (biceps brachii and brachialis) 

ribs 1-9

medial border of the scapula on its costal deep surface

it draws the scapula forward; the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly

long thoracic nerve(from ventral rami c5-c7

medial border of the scapula falls away from the posterior chest wall and looks like an angels wing

long head infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; lateral head: posterolateral humerous and lateral intermuscular septum; medial head: posteromedial surface of inferior 1/2 of humerous

olceranon process of the ulna

extends forearm long head extends and adducts arm

radial nerve

long head triceps separates the triangular and quadrangular spaces (teres major, minor, humerous are the other boundaries) 

lateral epicondyle

lateral side of olecranon and upper 1/4 of ulna

extends forearm

nerve to anconeus from radial nerve 

Source:ventral pimary rami of c5-8 and t1

Branches:dorsal scapular long thoracic, n to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial brachial and antebrachial cuaneous, upper middle and lower subscapular musculocut aneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial

Motor: muscles of upper limb excluding trapezius

sensory: skin of upper limb

notes: axons from spinal cord levels c5-t1 are mixed in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord levels (plexus= a braid network of nerves blood vessels) 

source: brachial plexus (c5)

motor: rhomboid major/minor levator scapulae

notes: passes through scalenus medius 

brachial plexus c5-7

serratus anterior

located on superficial surface of serratus anterior; lession causes scapular winging hence the saying "c5, 6,7 keep the wings from heaven 

source: union of anterior or division of upper and middle trunks 

branches: lateral pectoral lateral root of median musculocut aneous 

motor: anterior arm; contributes to anterior forearm and thenar compartment

sensory: lateral forearm contributes to palmar hand

medial cord

source:anterior division of lower trunk 

branches: medial pectoral medial brachial cutaneous medial antebrachial cutaneous, medial root of median ulnar 

motor: fl. carpiulnaris and medial 1/2 of fl. dip profundus contributes to ther anterior forearm muscles; hand muscles 

sensory: medial forearm and hand 

source:posterior divisions of upper middle and lower trunks

branches: upper middle and lower subscapular, axillary radial

motor: deltoid teres major and minors subscapularis posterior arm and forearm

sensory: posterior arm, forearm posterolateral hand 

source: superior trunk of the brachial plexus (c5-6)

branches: no named branches

motor: supraspinatus, infraspintus

sensory: no cutaneous branches

notes: passes through the suprascapular notch inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament

source: lateral cord of brachial plexus

motor: pectoralis major

notes: communicates with medial pectroal anterior to axillary pierces clavipectoral fascia 

free movement of joint leads to instability

shallowness of glenoid cavity; laxity of fibrous capsule result in considerable loss of stability

strength of joint mainly from muscles suround it particularly the rotator cuff muscles(supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis)

4 scapular muscles, joining scapula to humerus attached near the articular areas of articulation

rotator cuff muscles work as a group holding the head of the humerus in glenoid fossa. 

supraspinatus muscle and coracoacromial arch guard shoulder joint superiorly; infraspinatus and teres minor muscle stabilise it posteriorly subscapularis muscle protects anteriorly

no tendinous support of should joing inderiory; consequently is where it usually dislocates. 

joint has more freedom of movement that any other joint in the body

freedom results from the laxity of joints articular capsule and the large size of humeral head compared the small size of the glenoid cavity 

shoulder articulation  is a multiaxial ball/socket joint allows movement around 3 axes permits flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction, rotation

circumduction, the distal end of the humerus describes the base of a cone, apex which is the head of humerus 

spheroidoal head of humerus (the ball) articulates with shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula(the socket) both articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage. 

shallow glenoid fossa accepts little more than 1/3 of humeral head; glenoid fossa deepened some/enlarged by fibrocartilaginous rim called glenoid labrum

superior portion of lebrum blends with tendon of the long head of biceps brachi muscle. 

thickenings of the anterior part of fibrous capsule

superior middle and inferior glenhumeral ligaments run from the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of humerus 

broad band of transverse fibres passing from the greater to the lesser tubercles of the humerus

forms a bridge over the superior end of the interubercular groove converting it into a canal that holds the synovial sheath and tendon of long head of the biceps as they emerge from the capsule of shoulder joint. 

strong broad band that strengthens the superior part of the capsule of the shoulder joint 

passes from the lateral side of the base of the coracoid process of the scapula to the anatomoical neck of the humerus, adjacent to the greater tubercle. 

formed by coracoid process, coracoacaromial ligament acromion

force is transmitted superiorly along the humerus head of the humerus is pressed against this protective arch.

coracoacromial arch prevents displacement of humeral head superiorly from the glenoid cavity of the scapula. 

Supraspinatus muscle passes under this arch and lies between deltoid muscle and the capsule of shoulder joint. 

Supraspinatus tendon, passing to greater tubercle of humerus, separated from the arch by subacromial bursa

strong triangular ligament, base of which is attached to the lateral border of the coracoid process

apex is inserted into the edge of the acromion.

superiorly, coracoacromial ligament ids covered by the deltoid muscle 

elevation: Superior movement of the scapula

ex; shrugging shoulders

depression: inferior movement of scapula

ex; opposite of shrugging 

protraction: forward movement of scapula away from the spine. Abduction of scapula

ex. putting hands on hips and moving elbos anteriorly

retraction: backward movement of scapula toward the spine adduction of scapula 

ex. putting hands on hips and moving elbos posteriorly

downward rotation: rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving downward

or medially 

ex putting arm behind back and reaching down 

upward rotation: rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward 

ex: reaching arm over and across the head 

small knob of bone at the top of the scaupla - extends outward from the top of the back of the shoulder blade and pokes out underneath the clavicle on the front of the shoulder.

back surface of each scapula that is divided into unequal portions by a spine, which leads to a head that bears two processes. It curves forward and down below the clavicle. 

bony structure top of scapula; arises from ridge horizontally crosses the upper portions of the scapula on the back side and protrudes at the peak of the shoulder forming a club-like shape. Paired with coracoid process a similar club-shaped protrusion that arises from the front side of the shoulder blade and crosses laterally toward the shoulder joint. 

Acromion process serves as a point of attachement for deltoid and trapezuis msucles. 

Its superior upper surface is convex and rough angling upward and outward above the shoulder joint while inferior surface is concave and smooth.