Term
| What are the three disasters of the fourteenth century that eroded the structures of the medieval world? |
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Definition
1.) The Black Death Plague
2.) Hundred Years War (France and England)
3.) Crisis of the Medieval Church |
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Term
| What are two key differences between the medieval and the modern state? |
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Definition
Medieval State:
porous borders. Territory’s blend into one and are difficult to define/decipher. The King’s power was radiating from his body. The closer you were to him the closer the power and stronger
Modern state:
firm borders. Government’s power fills up the space of the state. His power permeates the entire territory. |
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Term
| What were three effects of the Black Death of the fourteenth century? |
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Definition
1.) Population growth - has to do with food.
2.)
Decline of Serfdom in Western Europe
Entrenchment of Serfdom in Eastern Europe
3.) Urbanization - more cities and cities will simply get bigger. London in 1530 had 50,000 people living there. That is not all different from Spartanburg. Fast forward to 1700 and London now has 550,000 people living there. Lots of growth taking place. Paris had 600,000 people by 1700…lots of city growth and urbanization. |
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Term
| Who were two theological thinkers of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries whose ideas would resemble the ideas of the Protestant Reformation a century later? |
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Definition
1.)John Wycliffe
(A Theologian in Oxford, England)
-Radical. He favors rights of the king versus the pope.
-He believes that Kings should have the power to appoint priests within their own territory.
-religious merit should be the basis for religious power not rank or office.
-Religious merit is “how good of a person are you” (Or “how good of a person you are”)?
-do sermons in vernacular (not latin)
-by doing masses in Latin, this was a way of keeping religion from the people and just like keeping secrets.
Suggests to translate the bible into Italian, German or French.
Church should give up all its property and live a life in righteous poverty.
2.)John Huss.
He was a rector, like a dean after 1403.
-supported vernacular services and translations of the bible.
One of unique things he said Catholic Church sermons were superstitions, such as the Eucharist/Communion The Catholic notion that bread is literally turned into body (symbolic not literal)
-his ideas were dangerous.
NEITHER of their ideas took off…it took 100 years before the reformation. |
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Term
| In what two ways was the intellectual foundation of the Renaissance laid at the end of the medieval period (between 1100 and mid-1300s)? |
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Definition
-Late Medieval Revival of Interest in Roman law.
1.) Roman Law
Study theology but most of all LAW.
-studying ROMAN LAW.
-notion that Roman law could provide a
basis for a new order b/c it was a complex time where there was peace around Europe.
They looked to Roman Law as a key to the future.
It was written in Latin, so people interested in Latin and the Roman World. (1200s)
HUMANISM = IMPORTANT
ART = NOT IMPORTANT
2.) Petrarch
-Petrarch (1304-1374) considered the founder of humanism.
He was the Intellectual founder, the prophet of humanism.
-Italian Scholar and writer who revived interest in classical writing styles and famed for his love of sonnets (and Latin)
His ideal for human conduct: a solitary life of contemplation and ascetism (simplicity)
-he was obsessed with Latin. |
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Term
| In what three ways did contact with the Byzantine Empire enable the beginning of the humanism as a movement in the mid-1400s? |
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Definition
1. trade contacts :
Muslims are important.
Muslims created Vassilization to keep alive knowledge, or Plato and Aristotle.
Trade contacts with Middle East.
Ottoman Empire speaks Greek (The Language of the Church)
2. Intellectual contacts (books and ideas flowing back and forth on ships)
3. Church contacts.
church then divides into TWO camps: Catholic Church and Greek Orthodox Church |
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Term
| What are five different dimensions (or definitions) of humanism? |
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Definition
Searching for the beauty of the lost world. They were on a mission to recreate the lost world around them.
1. The Revival of Classical Learning:
-searching for the beauty, wisdom, and truth of the ancient world. Raphael.
2. The Humanist Education –
study several subjects (FIVE major subjects)
Latin is the basis for all types of studies and the foundation of all knowledge (p.133)*131
-classical languages-
-rhetoric and eloquence
-poetry and classical literature
-History
-Dialectic and Moral Philosophy
3. Humanism as a Practical Philosophy-
real use in everyday life.
-Rejection of medieval scholasticism-
rejected what had come beforehand.
What people learned previously they rejected. Stuff taught was called scholasticism. Coming from the late medieval world. --Aquinas
-practical use of the humanist education
Philosophyhow to lead a good life. Be a good person.
Erasmus- Hans Holbein
4. Humanism as a Set of Ideals and Values
-The Dignity of Man: Reason and Free Will
-Preoccupation with Self
-Appreciation of Secular Areas of Life
-Civic humanism:
Citizen Virtue and the Common Good:
Christian Humanism: Ethical Action
5. Humanist Studies —
what humanists did and what they studied.
What happens once the humanist is educated.
-Language and Literature
-Textual Criticism-
-Mathematics--Ptolemy
-astronomy
-astrology and Alchemy |
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Term
| What are the five disciplines of the humanist system of education? In what ways were the disciplines considered practical? |
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Definition
1. Classical Language (Grammar)
—Latin/Greek…mostly Latin.
2. Rhetoric & Eloquence—
need to know true beauty of the language.
They say they butchered the Latin (the people who spoke it earlier) humanists pick up on the flow and the beauty of it.
They believed there were a structure and an organic flow. You MUST study it.
They needed to appreciate the beauty of its rhetoric and eloquence.
The rhetoric was used to persuade people.
3. Poetry & Classical Literature—
poetry is examples of eloquence and beauty.
Literature as examples of philosophy.
4. History—
lots of Roman Historians and lots were Greek.
Studied what life is like in the ancient world.
5. Moral Philosophy/Dialectic— divided it up into two sections:
dialectic and moral philosophy.
1. Dialectic –
A style of argument that everyone learned. A lot of Roman law was done through dialectic.
2. Moral philosophy –
It was about ethics, to see how one should live. |
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Term
| What are five ideals or values associated with humanism? |
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Definition
1. The Dignity of Man: Reasons & Free Will
Humanists read old books about old world.
- Learned a set of values held by the ancient world.
How man is viewed.
Attitude towards man in the middle ages was a larger social order.
-A lot was determined by fate and understood by a religious perspective.
Mankind was fallen and basically evil.
This life was a brutal place determined by fate and god and the only purpose was to view the old world.
The renaissance rejects this medieval attitude towards life and man.
They thought life and man was great and had power and was glorious.
The renaissance emphasized two factors:
reason. He had reason therefore he could think through problems and come up with good answers to problem.
He also had free will which gave answer to power.
Ross: The dignity of man. He says there is a place of being, but man chooses his place. Man has the choice: To do or not do great things and make or not make something of himself.
2. Preoccupation with Self: Early Stirring of Individualism—
In fashioning the life, one becomes focused on oneself.
You see this a lot in the Renaissance, what one can do, thinks, and behaves.
Thinks for himself.
Individualism-different layers but we trace it back to renaissance.
Attention towards oneself.
Alberti (p. 480) get a portrait of the Renaissance man. Not afraid to brag about self (with statue thing) and wants to show off all he’s done.
3. Appreciation of the Secular Areas of Life—
growing appreciation of the world and all the pleasure the world can bring.
Food, wine, sexuality, beauty of this world.
It’s rejection of the medieval world.
- It is saying that things are not all bad here and not falling things we truly appreciate.
-It is our divine mission to appreciate the world.
-appreciation of the world does not replace Christianity.
Most were Christians, but they said we can make room for other things such as beauty and the life of the city.
These are distinct from the type of things god wants us to do.
4. Civic Humanism: Citizen Virtue & the Common Good— Citizen Virtue and the Common Good:
Packed tight. Cities growing in Europe. Lots of fights. Congestions. Famine. Illness.
5. Christian Humanism: Ethical Action—
Problems with living in the cities.
For the men of the renaissance can’t look back to Middle Ages b/c they never had cities.
They look back to roman times where they said how to be good and polite towards one another.
To live in ethical existence among people.
They model themselves after roman philosophers.
Cicero…? Paid attention to the elite / aristocracy of the city. Preoccupation with this.
What do you do with money once you get it? Blow it or do something good with it?
You can build churches and orphanages to turn in money to benefit the common good.
Charity acts. Bring honor to the city. Universities, schools, libraries help benefit the common good.
Constitutions become politicians/leaders/political leaders.
Political leaders didn’t get paid! These people conserve the common good by serving politics.
Figure out how to live with one another well.
They learn to focus on the self, individualism, but also others as well. Civic humanism lives on.
Dedication to the country and try to make a better country.
They did not reject Christianity. They were trying to find a place for these secular events.
Tension between Christianity and humanism. Roman Goddess of love; Venus. Daughter of Poseidon. Venus is naked and this wouldn’t be portrayed in the middle ages.
But this part of reviving is a focus of the body instead of focus on the self.
Tension, because humanism was trying to revive blank and blank issues tied with paganism.
p. 140 old pagan times/roman times where bitter contact with nature. Negative contact with nature. Art is good and everything destructs, because of Christianity. Destroys beauty of ancient times / roman times and into the dark ages.
Christianity is destructive from his point of view.
Some people wanted to bring these two together and did not have to contradict one another.
Some looked toward moral philosophies of the ancient world:
Plato/Aristotle…they said these people had a vision of good life and morality.
All we have to do is take these moralities and lay Christianity on top and get what it takes to be a good person. Take a little of ancient world and Christianity and merge them together = Christian Humanism. |
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Term
| What were five areas of humanist study? |
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Definition
1. Language and Literature—
dedicated themselves to this. Teachers, writers, collected books, dedicated themselves to language and lit.
They read many, many books and different versions of books.
2. Textual Criticism—
in process of reading a lot of books, they come to process of textual criticism.
Look back at monks.
They were ultra obsessive and looked for discrepancies for over 500 different versions of the Bible.
Mapping it all out to try to find the authoritative bible / republic / Aristotle. Something accurate.
Catholic vs. Protestant.
Protestant throughout old books and thought they were miswritten and Catholics kept them.
People working on catholic textbooks in roman era.
3. Mathematics—
Ptolemy—great mathematician and astronomer.
Written book in Arabic… people working through mathematical texts.
4. Astronomy—
People working through astrology texts.
5. Astrology & Alchemy—
Astrology-looking at stars to understate our fates.
Astronomy is just looking stars.
Studied both astrology and astronomy.
Alchemist- the process by which trying to turn lead into gold. Foundation for chemistry.
Find out how things reacted with another.
Study of transformations. How does something turn into something else?
Yields chemistry. Weird magic stuff involved for the gold stuff here. Some hocus pocus and some productive. |
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Term
| What are three main causes for the spread and popularity of humanist ideas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? |
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Definition
1. The Growth of Cities—
produce literacy, literacy then becomes foundation of humanism/humanistic spreading.
Social problems need to be solved (fighting and stuff) cities provide the basis of humanism.
2. The Growing Power of the Monarchial State/Royal State—
creates absolutism. Kings are getting more powerful, and are hiring more people to get new jobs as growing power.
All these jobs require reading and writing.
Need scribes to write loyal order or give royal literatures (documents), diplomats to send to other cities (need to read and write), and an army of lawyers to work in their administration (humanist training).
The royal state provides a demand for literacy and jobs?...
3. The Printing Press
(around 1450 in Mainz) — it helps spread literacy.
Once you have more written material out there, there will be a demand to read it.
A lot of humanists will write books already written up. |
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Term
| What are six key changes that shaped and defined Renaissance art? |
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Definition
-CHANGES IN STYLE
1. revival of classical forms, images, and symbols
2. symmetry and balance
3. Realism- paying more attention to people and scenes. Dedicate to self. Exploration of self.
4. Oil paint- new technique that will allow for realism. Deeper color
5. Development of perspective- allusion of space in a two dimensional space.
6. Tensions between secular and religious- they are not different from humanism as large. |
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Term
| What were five technological innovations of the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries that enabled the exploration of the oceans? |
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Definition
1. Mariner’s Compass (Compass) (1300s)
–invention of china…around for quite some time. The original compass was a basic compass for hundreds of years. Mariner’s compass is much more accurate and marked off into degrees so much more precise. It Allows sailors to sail outside of land so you knew where to go if you could not see land.
2. The Astrolabe (The Mariner’s Astrolabe)—
developed towards the end of the 1400s second half of it. It allowed sailors to fix their position at Sea. You can see roughly how this works…see a star (north star) get the angle that corresponded with the horizon, and then plugged it into basic equations and mark out how towards the north or south you are… gives you the latitude and a very precise idea of how far north or south u are. Longitude took some time to figure out… had a sense of how fast they were going so got a sense of how long something was. Maps are distorted because east west was not very accurate.
3. Science of maps—
the astrolabe and mariner’s compass combined to create the science of maps. New technologies were important as well as old writings (Roman and Greek…Latin?) mathematical work that helped make maps much more precise.
4. The Caravel (1400s)—
new kind of ship developed by the Portuguese initially but perfected by the Spanish in the course of the 1400s….in the middle ages and beforehand the gaily was the basic ship most used. The gaily had a sale that could be used as a proportion, so you need wind and it limits you in terms of sail and you have to go into the direction the wind is going. Most gailey's had a sail, but also rowing…with paddles on the side. People down below rowing (roman slaves) rowing the boats. Rowing gives you multiple advantages such as direction and time you can do it (anytime)…disadvantages would be sheer man power involved. A large ship needs a lot of people and food. Not a lot of room for cargo and water and food, weapons for once you get there. How did gailey’s travel? They hugged the coast the whole way. Travel during day and stop at ports during day, then trade, pick up supplies and the next port during the day.
It was hard to get across the Atlantic in a gaily. Wealthy people with slaves owned these boats, and/or the government owned them. Only people with money or state power.
The Caravel has a number of advantages. It used wind as it’s only source of propulsion… it has a number of large square sales that catch wind and help it move forward, but the other advantage was the lateens. You can put the lateens out on either side. It was a way of taking on a vector (one direction) into ANOTHER direction. A triangular shaped sail, gave more range of movement.
One was able to move with and across wind. Can’t go across the wind, but the European sailors used the currents, also.
The caravel did not need a lot of people, so this opened space for cargo, weapons, cannon, and effectively transforms boats into floating fortresses, to sail and fight other ships. Fire things while pulling up beside another ship. Drop planks beside the other ship and ran across with swords and turn into hand combat. Old warfare was done this way.
Met by very large navy’s…a navy of gailey’s.
5. gunpowder (1300s)—invented first by the Chinese. Chinese use gunpowder as fireworks, mostly as well as firepower… put to other types of use. Cannon and a hand cannon. Board cannons on the ships and be a floating fortress… |
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Term
| What were four key motives for the exploration of the Atlantic? |
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Definition
1. gold—
it was a currency that everyone used. It was of the European standard. Where would they look for gold? (They did not know where México was) The gold trade runs northwards of Africa.
In the Desert in the Sahara, the moors (Muslims) controlled camel caravan routes.
Muslims made money off the gold trade.
2. spices—
long silk road on Asia.
The key middlemen were Muslims. They made a lot of money off both gold and spices.
Gold and spices desire was wrapped up with another interest…waging war against the Muslim people.
It was an attempt to take money away from the Muslim people.
3. religion—
Spain was conquered by the moors/ Muslims in the middle Ages and became Muslim territory ‘til middle ages.
Cordoba was an immensely advanced/interesting civilization in mid ages.
4. Rivalry-
Rivalry between European states—as Spain peninsula gradually re-conquered, it was not taken from one kingdom. Kingdom of Portugal, Castile, Aragon, Granada (to be conquered).
At war with one another…to be most prestigious/powerful kingdom in this new area.
This rivalry will eventually fuel exploration.
Portuguese explores first, and then Spain will follow.
Fueled commerce/warfare/industrialization… |
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Term
| What were four steps that families and individuals with wealth took to climb up the social ladder in the early modern period? |
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Definition
Social Mobility
Because of economic growth, lots of doors will be open. For peasant (live or you die, not many choices/options) not even on list. 90-95% were peasants…other 5-10^% of population had opportunities.
1. Merchant-
artisan involved with trade and make money as merchant. Follow trade, make contacts, and establish dominance over textiles, silk, spices.
Eventually earn money and loaning out to people (to banks?) to point where solely living off investments (loans and other investments)
2. Rentier
someone who lives off of interest. Do not need to get your hands dirty anymore, then a rentier. Sit back let money come in…what do you do with your time? Take some of connections/loans and get involved with political work…see people pick up on state work.
3. Bureaucrat—
Become a State Bureaucrat... sometimes to do this for free, power, prestige other times get a payment/salary of some sort. Did it MOSTLY for power.
Once make it to states, try to make it up to noble.
4. Noble
different avenues to take.
Easiest way is to buy a noble estate.
(If someone lost money gambling and needs to sell quickly) buy estate, noble clothes, maybe 2-3 generations people will forget you aren’t a noble. Just start acting like you were a noble.
People accept u as a noble after 2-3 generations…
Find a job with the state with a title…in France bunch of these jobs as judges…if wanted to work as judge you get local court judge and came with a title…
Nobles of robe-
classic people who bought their title.
Nobles of the sword
old time nobles…Medici (start off as merchants then bankers then end up as nobles) later Cosimos as Cosimos the 1st the grand duke Tuscany by middle of 1500s…and duke of Florence. And Catherine of Medici’s (religious wars/responsible for execution of protestants) gave birth to 3 powerful French kings) Merchants who made it up to top of social nobility. |
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Term
| What are six ways that Humanism influenced the Reformation? |
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Definition
1. Questions of Moral Living in the Secular World—
humanism was interested in questions of living in moral world…how to be a good trader, do good things while still being a merchant, how to live a good life in the city, be kind to one another in close contact. Reformation picked up a lot of the ideas about moral living in the secular world. It was very critical of the catholic church because of emphasis on monasticism (what a monk does) closes himself off from society, put off into cells to meditate, reading, praying…pinnacle of life for a monk in catholic church…best they could do. “hot house flowers” they had questions as to whether this was a good life or not to seclude yourself from evil. Type of ethic that can’t survive out there in the world? They aren’t used to dealing with a temptation of any sort.
Living a goal out there in the real world. Questions about moral living in the secular world. Interested in same things as humanists.
2. Textual Criticism—
developed by the humanists. Comparing different bibles to see different variations. Their goal was the authoritative, to read out all errors and variations to find out the truth: the bible. Has a big impact on the Protestants. Come with own bible. Created their own books of ancient Christian fathers, the early church.
3. Libraries of the Christian Fathers and Judaic Writings—
large ancient books, they collected. Humanist libraries had old Christian father books of Christian church. St. Augustine (early Christian writer) also writings of ancient Jews, the host Jews of Hosaic writings…) from the old books/writings they’d discover the catholic church used to look very different than it does not in the 15th century…it’s got wealth (holders) property, hold land estates, they have acquired a political power they did not used to have. The result is the reformation said the church needs to return to how it was. The bible will give a different model of what it means to be a Christian. Old writings suggest a different model and idea of what the church should look like. They want to go back to that.
4. Emphasis on Education—
humans put a huge emphasis on education (reading Latin, Greek) eventually reformation is going to build on this desire for education. Especially once throw in notion that bible is the ultimate authority (the only one that counts) Christian needs to read bible to get questions answered. You need to be literate, and be able to read this stuff for him or herself…
5. Focus on Individual’s Internal Life—
the Catholic Church put a big emphasis on what people did. Being a good Christian meant doing good things for a catholic. Protestants say good faith is a justification for this. Faith draws a lot of people inward to the soul; into the psyche into the mind…increasingly people will be interested in reading their mind like a book. We need to do this as good Protestants (in Ross) try to root out sin from the inside not outside. Internal focus on life as opposed to being so external as the Catholics used to. Humanists focused in on self and the mind. They paid a lot of attention to the inward self…renaissance picks up on this in biographies and autobiographies…emphasis of their biographies is their spiritual conversion. Ex. How is it that I know god touches me?...
6. Renaissance Critics of the Church—
Number of critics of church. Even before reformation comes along. Erasmus was the most prominent of this. Very knowledgeable in history of the old church the first 200 years after Christ died. He says the church looks very different than it does now, it’s led to wealth, corruption, popes acting more like emperors/kings than anything, and Erasmus was going to write several satires of the church. Satirical stories of the popes and power. |
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Term
| What are three ways that the Reformation rejected certain aspects of the Renaissance? |
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Definition
1. Rejection of Church’s Wealth & Extravagance—
they tend to associate the renaissance with the wealth of the papacy (the pope) st. peter’s basilica built during renaissance by Pope Leo X (first of the Medici’s to become Pope) Medici’s-wealthy merchant family in Italy. Medici is key feature in religious wars and Louis IV… Medici was going to spend lots of money on the arts for basilica cathedral. Find all sorts of gorgeous statues, sisteen chapel. The dome itself was an enormous feat! Luther and the rest of the reformation saw all this wealth, extravagance of what the church shouldn’t be. They tended to associate the Renaissance with wealth of church. “Luther”
-Extravagance
2. Rejection of Free Will—power of man.
The Calvinists reject this.
Luther draws idea from St. Augustine
(predestination) faith was main idea. The Calvinists Reject that god is all powerful, knowing, determines everything that happens.
3. Rejection of Dignity of Man—
saw them as creatures that are powerful and can do great things in the world and enormous potential. Reformation says no “man has no dignity” we are disgusting creatures. Puritan servants saying god is icky spiders god hangs over pits of hell…we are sinful, we deserve nothing. Lots of stuff they reject associated with the renaissance. |
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Term
| What are seven basic beliefs of the Reformation? |
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Definition
ACC G FAB
1. Justification by Faith Alone
-The Indulgence Controversy—
what were indulgences? Strips of money you pay to the church. Salvations for your sins. Not legit. Pieces of paper that were purchased…that were not legit. Essentially you were a good money, but pay more to pay out of purgatory. Buy indulgences for family members b/c selfish to buy them for yourself. And for someone who already died. Technically y you were buying prayers, a kind of contract. I pay the church; the church gets people in hierarchy to pray for dead aunt or w/e.
Everything functions in the form of a hierarchy
God JesusAngelsMarySaints (saints and Mary were so good it’s like they had extra goodness and kept his power with them as they went to heaven and use it for miraculous things/an abundance of blessings they were given a certain type of power)
Popeall the clergycardinalsArchbishopsBishops
Priest
Laity
If you were a peasant u weren’t good and didn’t make a good impression on the world. They said god listens to pope and clergy and thought they could give them prayers as and they will pray for me, so my prayer can get through. Connection of this world to have a better understanding or luck of fate.
Pope and cardinals had power over purgatory…if paid them to take time out of day to make a prayer, then maybe prayers will get through and let them out a year earlier or so…not paying for salvation or to get them out of purgatory, but for a PRAYER!
A part of a much bigger problem of the whole churches attitude towards God and man. It happened to be the thing that sparked Luther into controversy.
-Criticism of “Good Works”—examples of good things church asked to do. Charity to help those in need. Tithing-give money to church. Something god wants you to do. To be a Christian as a catholic point of view is to be baptized…do bad things but god gives us an out…we go to reconciliation get penance and it’s over. After all we’ve done good things and make up for bad things we’ve done then get last rites and go right up to heaven. Clergy had power to invoke god in the world. He will be very Critical of works…it’s a way of binding God. God cannot be bound. Catholics look at it like a contract. Notion that if I do these things then God has no choice but to save me. We can never bind god or tell him what to do and enter into a contract with god. He can’t be controlled/manipulated in such a way. Small part of such a larger issue of Catholic Church constricting God and salvation.
2. Emphasis on God’s Power
Luther’s sense of Man’s Sinful Nature
—obsessed with his sinful nature as a teenager. He thought how could God ever love me, I am so foul. At some point an event happened that helped him switch and come to a revelation of how great god is that he can be merciful enough and save him despite the fact that I could never hurt. It’s not about me being gross/vile and sinful but about god’s power and mercy. Luther is able to turn this around and becomes a certain part for his future.
Calvin’s Doctrine of Predestination and the Elect—God is omniscient and all powerful he knows everything, Luther said what else can God do? Calvin went further. Calvin said if he is all powerful and all knowing, he will know who he is going to save and not save. God already knows if we will be saved or damned already predestination of who will and won’t. He has chosen a few amount of people that he will save. Emphasis on God’s power.
3. Criticisms of the Wealthy and Worldly Church
Critical of how church: Acquired money and wealth. Power comes into the church and corrupts it from within. What the church needs to do is give up power...this will set it free. Allow the church to revert to what it had been in the beginning. A close group focused on political means and not money and power. What do we do with all the power the church once had?
-Separation of State from Religious Power-
power once held from pope and hierarchy needs to go to the state. The thing that matters is the church…needs to be pure. Hand all the power back to the state. See a closer separation of church and power.
4. Authority of Scripture
Translation of the Bible—the Catholic Church put an emphasis on 3 factors.
1.) The bible-the word, life of Jesus. But bible isn’t only way god works in this world, he works in many ways.
Through hierarchy. God has connection to clergy. Clergy evoke him through their rituals god touches them and the pope. He’s a continued revelation in this world. The hierarchy is God moving in this world and the hierarchy has a wife and there are a whole lot of popes and all they ever said and it becomes tradition. An enormous accumulation of the past. Let’s u know what god wants, god working through the church. They were all equally valid sources of authority. Protestants reject tradition and hierarchy. The hierarchy is full of men and men are foul. Mistakes were made and mistakes tend to pile over mistakes over time to where we are now. They completely reject hierarchy (fallen human beings who make mistakes) produce a foul tradition that is corrupted at the very core. Both cannot be trusted. The bible is the only thing that can be trusted and relied on. Which leads to translations. If central part of faith you need to understand it in your language.
5. Attacks on Catholic Tradition
Reject two things the catholic church think pretty important: hierarchy and tradition…bible= important but God has other ways of showing us what he wants of us…pope is a direct connection to god…pope and scriptures help reveal what god wants…church through various decisions through history have created a tradition of how we understand God’s will. Tradition is accumulated spirit of God working through history. God continues to intervene in man’s life and other notions that are just as important as the bible…bible is just one notion of many.
Tradition= one view of authority
Fable=church makes mistakes.
Looking at church they reject what they believe now from how it used to belief
-Purification of Christian Belief-
Christian belief itself needs to be purified. Created ideas that had no foundation on God and the bible. All needed to be stripped away…notions of reconciliation and…get down to basic core of what it means to be a Christian again.
-Simplification of Church Practice-
get rid of icons, pictures, gold, all ornate churches…later creates puritan churches of New England. (Basilica of Rome…) everything should be basic wood. Wood is simple and we all have access to it. Church needs to simplify its practice.
-Reducing the Christian Sacraments-
to two that are actually in the biblecommunion and baptism. Reconciliation is something with self not context of church. Context of church are these two. From 7 down to two.
-Attacks on Catholic Veneration of Saints and Relics-
Catholic Church had all these places across the earth where pilgrims can praise at different places…fragments of the cross. Relics left over. If u touched them then miraculous things would happen in your life. Protestants say at best it is superstitious. God doesn’t work magic, intervening in people’s lives with a touch of wood. The church taking advantage of a bunch of ignorant people to make money. A form of corruption. At worst, it denies the unity of God. Paganism reborn in the modern era. God is the one and only true center of worship. At best corruption, superstition. At worst it is paganism reborn.
6. Criticism of Catholic Hierarchy
-Luther: Priesthood of Believers-
he believed we were all equal in the eyes of God. Catholics denied this basic quality in the eyes of God. Luther said we essentially set up a group of people who have power of us who have power over God…but we all have a personal relationship with God we must attain to. No one can get in the way of you and God. You have a direct connection with him. A way of saying we are all priests in a way. We can evoke God in our lives. A community of people, believing in God, that is the priesthood, can draw the power of God, doesn’t need a separate elite to do it. Notion that small community of people can come together and serve God.
-Calvin: Authority of the Elect-
Elect has …those specifically chosen by God who have the power of grace, they have the power. They are in fact the church, the living church. An institution to create who was the elect, once the elect, you ran the church, church communities, committees, and u ultimately decide and recognize who would be the elect. Gives you power. Those chosen by god to receive grace.
-Attacks on Catholic Monasticism-
all Protestants attacked monasticism. Church a small group of people who separated themselves and devoted themselves to spiritual patterns, and entirely to God. Luther was very critical on the monks, played that there was a small group of people who were better than the rest, we are all equal and loved by God. He talks of monasticism as demstivice? He says what happens when u take a lot of men and you put them into closed quarters (prison)…no wonder evil things happen within monasteries….talked about them as demstivice (dems da vice)
7. New Standards of Behavior (“The Puritan Ethic”)
Ethic not practiced by puritans but by all early Protestants.
-New Attitude toward Sin-
when thinking about the elect (chosen by god to receive the goodness of grace) no power over this god chooses this. Why be a good person or not? God chooses to choose me or not. Can either choose me for grace or not. Protestants believed we need to be tighter on sin…to root out sin for grace to come to us. Protestants argued that the early Catholic Church had been easy/soft on sin. And Protestants argued that confession is way of absolving sins. Protestants say this is what Europe came to believe…can do anything bad as long as ask for forgiveness. Not attitude u should have, but to devote self to a good life.
-Self-discipline-
Protestants said to carefully monitor what you said? Tried to root out corrupt thoughts, dive into your head and root out evil from within. Requires a lot of self discipline. Reputation for being so tight. Try to get rid of all sinful behavior.
-Education-
told to teach people to be better individual. Way of teaching literacy and self-discipline. Education was a kind of process that would allow you to teach yourself and gain discipline. Internally a lot of discipline to be taught. Discipline, control, gives us control over our bodies and minds. Constructs a type of personality that worries about whether you do good things or not. |
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Term
| What were three factors influencing the spread of Lutheranism through the Holy Roman Empire? |
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Definition
1. Key Areas of Holy Roman Empire
1521 in front of holy roman emperorLuther? tells him to back down! Be excommunicated. Is excommunicated and an outlaw. Manages to survive because he has a powerful detective, Frederick III “the Wise,” Elector of Saxonyequivalent to a Duke. He is one of the main protectors. There will be others (the Duke of Hesse, allows army for coming religious wars.) princes were powerful supporters…
-Princely Support-
why brought to Lutheran side? Historians emphasize political economical reasons. A local prince who converted would be head of church in his own territory. What this means is he could appoint his own clergy, meaning he could control them (loyal to him) powerful prizes…hand out these clergy positions. Princes could confiscate church land. Get rid of monasteries and all land attached to them would be his noble land. All money it took in his now his. Keeping the tithe. State keeps the tithe. Peasant tithe supports state with the church. Why wouldn’t anyone convert to protestant?
-Urban Support-
biggest reason not to convert to the Lutheran side is Catholic Church could be a powerful ally as well as a powerful enemy. A lot of German princes did not believe they could take on the Catholic Church on their own.
2) Earn self other powerful enemies.
Charles V would be your enemy. Not a person you would want to make mad. King of France (not hard to get army in new territory as well)
-Peasant Support-
lose control of population. Rebel against Lutheran views. Other nobles under sovereignty and peasants could rebel against u. What did Charles V, nobles, king of France want?! To be a heretic, excommunicated…
Emphasize belief…they were convinced of Lutheran arguments. Not for Henry VIII it was for political reasons….some princes would support Luther, and some city states support Luther. Frankford, Nuremburg (trials), Augsburg (important protestant center), Andover…higher literacy rates in the cities and the printing press to the cities. Not all cities will convert but some powerful ones will convert.
PEASANT SUPPORT- peasants support Luther. Why?! What take is a notion of a quality. Protestants peasants came with idea we are all equal in eyes of God and church. Took one step further and said we then should be equal in society as well! Clear sense that the poor are the elect and get money and land... Why do we have to obey landlord/pay fees when equal in eyes of god? Attack church hierarchy. Argue they shouldn’t have to pay the tithe anymore! Command they get to pick their own priest(s?)…number of peasant revolts break out…nobles go in and crush them horribly, in process we see Lutheran language being used...Lutheran goes into Scandinavia
2. Sweden- king of Sweden converted in mid 1520s, which will bring most of his kingdom over.
3. Denmark-1536, Denmark will also change to the Protestant side… |
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Term
| What were three basic beliefs of the Anabaptists? |
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Definition
- The Anabaptists known as the radical reformation. Whole bunch of different groups that emerged in 1520s 1530s…most different…become Amish. Others become meninights...and a few key ideas will survive and picked up by English puritans which will eventually become the Baptist ideas. Baptist combine with Puratism…lots of different communities/ways of life. All have 3 things in common:
1. Adult Baptism- all reject infant baptism. Argue that baptism needs to take place at the time when truly contrite and ask forgiveness of all sins. Cannot do that as a baby. True baptism can only happen as an adult when they truly ask for true forgiveness. Their Baptists re-baptize
themselves as adults.
2. Imminent Second Coming- Anabaptists at this time believed in Millenarians (second coming of Christ) sense an urgency. Willing to take radical steps in preparation for this coming. Recreate ourselves, an expectation of what will come. This sense of urgency tends to lead to third:
3. Social Radicalism-totally radical ourselves. Simple life. A life dedicated to the ways of God as they understand it. Social radicals-emphasize a basic quality of all believes. Living to God’s laws as spelled out in bible (God's law) meaning rejecting the laws of the state, church, and cities. The laws of man do not apply to them…ONLY God's law! They refuse to take oaths. It is binding themselves to the state and not allowed to do. Only tie self to God. |
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Term
| What were three conflicts fueling the Revolt of the Netherlands? |
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Definition
Religious Wars of the 1500s
1. Conflicts in Holy Roman Empire (1546-1555)
-Catholic vs. Lutherans- battle b/w these two. Catholics Charles V. Lutherans by elector of Saxony. It is a war of religion but also that of noble families
-Rival Princes- families battling for power…religion but political conflict (for power)
-Rebellion against Control of Charles V-and what he wants of Holy Roman Empire
2. Peace of Augsburg (1555) this is the point when the German princes get the power to determine the religion in their own territory. Allows Roman Empire to be split more evenly.
3. Division of the Habsburg Empire
—Charles V steps down after 1555…tired/exhausted. He divides his empire in half. Two big to be controlled by any one person. Half of territory (New World Empire, Netherlands, Italian Land, Burgundy.)(Spanish half) given to Phillip II: (gives Queen Elizabeth so much trouble) his German half his given to his brother Ferdinand I. (Austrian lands, territories In HRE, Title of Holy Roman Empire. |
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Term
What were three ways that the Catholic Church changed to respond to criticisms?
NOT ON TEST? |
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Definition
1. Purification of Christian Belief-
Christian belief itself needs to be purified. Created ideas that had no foundation on God and the bible. All needed to be stripped away…notions of reconciliation and…get down to basic core of what it means to be a Christian again.
2. Simplification of Church Practice-
get rid of icons, pictures, gold, all ornate churches…later creates puritan churches of New England. (Basilica of Rome…) everything should be basic wood. Wood is simple and we all have access to it. Church needs to simplify its practice.
3. Reducing the Christian Sacraments-
to two that are actually in the biblecommunion and baptism. Reconciliation is something with self not context of church. Context of church are these two. From 7 sacraments down to two. |
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Term
What were five principles of the Catholic Church reaffirmed by the Counterreformation?
NOT ON TEST? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were six elements of the Commercial Revolution? |
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Definition
(hint: TALFAPE)
1.) New Participants in Trade Routes
The Portuguese (1400s-Early 1500s) trade around host of Africa. By early 1500s in control of spice trade. Set up empire and take control of trade.
The Spanish (1500s) look for own trade routes. Find them in new world. Establish empire in new world. Set up silver mines, economy based on new world production...most powerful country out there in 1500s (dominant world power of the 1500s)
The Dutch (Late 1500s-1600s)
Holland is new economic power…because of fluitschip…relatively cheap boat to make, and extremely cheap boat to run and operate. Above all used as a merchant ship…carried goods back and forth. Extremely efficient merchant vessel. Take control of sea route in 1600s...
--Golden Age of Holland
Rembrandt van Rijn (Best known painter of the west) (1606-1669)
Dutch emerge. Time where Amsterdam is center of all trade. Dutch is some of the cheapest and best merchants around. Making A LOT of money. Economic power house of 1600s is Dutch and Amsterdam.
Southern Germany (1400s-1500s) Center of trade routes. Another trade routes emerges through the center of Europe. Connecting the north with the south. In Augsburg is a major center for south trade.
The wealthiest merchant in Augsburg was the Fugger family (Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525)
Fugger family: 1360s is set up as a weaver, textile worker, a highly skilled weaver. Begins to trade in textile business. Skip from 2360s to 1470s…taken over by Jacob Fugger…no longer as an artisan but merchant full time and banking. Lend out money to those who need it. Jacob made a great deal with Charles V holy emperor. Who lends him money to get him elected as holy roman emperor. Jacob Fugger gets in exchange control of silver mines in northern Italy which brings in enormous fortune.
French (1600s) make early attempts to explore Canada at end of 1500s and doesn’t lead to much ‘til early 1600s, finally get a colony set up in Quebec. Then, by mid 1600s also colonized islands in the Caribbean. This will become the real center of wealth. (Sugar plantations) brings wealth to French empire.
English (from mid 1600s)made failed efforts to establish colonies at end of 1500s…1st successful north American colony in Jamestown in 1607…before then
English colonies in the Caribbean (first English west indies colonies established early 1600s) Barbados is most influential one for lots of years…sugar production in islands. They are taking money away from the Dutch.
English wins the conflict.
Trade produces wealth. Brings wealth to new areas of earth not touched with capitalism ‘til this point.
2.) Atlantic Economy: The Economy of the Atlantic Trade: (first international economy)
-Silver Miningheart of the economy. Problems with mines is eventually ran out of silver at end of 1500s…start to see decline of Spanish power…don’t make new investments…roughly this time that colonial production shift over into new gear. Sugar.
-Sugar Plantations produces the wealth in 1600s-1700s…Europeans copied sugar plantations from the Arabs (set up first in Mediterranean and off coast of Africa) when Europeans decide to do this they look at Arabs to find how to do it. Arabs depended on slavery and using slaves for a number of years in Mediterranean. Sugar grows in hot, hot climates. Work is extremely hard on sugar plantations. Hard work in hot climatesjob no one wants to do…can’t pay anyone enough. Can’t pay, you enslave. So they go to Africa and use them on the sugar plantations. Europeans pick up on this in beginning of renaissance (17th century) becomes an economy in itself. Slaves back and forth cross Atlantic (Africa, Amsterdam, Lisbon, and on into new world, Brazil, Charleston) slavery used on tobacco farms. Why? Sugar grew great in hot climates (Brazil…) get up in North America, works well in Houston but no anywhere else…tried in s and n. Carolina. Got idea of growing tobacco
-Slavery
-Tobacco- property of being addictive, so fuel that market. By end of 17th century it’s a major cash crop. Have enormous Atlantic trade. Fueling capitalism
3.) Legal and Financial Developments
-Double-Entry accounting
earliest of these changes. See this in 12th century in middle ages of 1100s. First systematized in Italy. First seen systematically used of Italy merchants in 14 and 15 centuries. Another legacy of all mathematical work doing. Foundation of modern accounting. Useful for couple reasons: mathematicallygood for checking errors...practical reasons. What’s really significant is u can track the flow of goods. In old businesses in middle ages, u knew what you had b/c sitting in shop. That’s not easy when businesses starting to get larger. 17th century plantations in Barbados with 6-7 warehouses, in Lisbon, company set up to make run, and keep track of run producers, keep track of molasses… keep track of multiple locations, and things running back and forth b/w locations…as moves from house in Lisbon to a warehouse in new world, you have diff. accounts for warehouses allow you to keep track. Businesses are really really big!
-The Joint-Stock Company
as businesses get bigger and have to deal with multiple owners. In Middle Ages owned by single person or double partnership (father and son…) not too hard to deal with ownership if just have 2-3 people involved. What happens when 1000 of people involved. How much one owes, invested, how much profit they get?
Joint stock companyit’s a set of legal changes that allows for a multiple ownership of a company. Allow for multiple…many, many owners! Own small portion of company.
-The Stock Exchange
stock is a piece of paper that says you own certain amount of property and earn certain amount of income. It can be sold. After joint stock you get the stock exchange emerging…
Partial owner of something, so fork up 1000 coins, two years later have disasters in family, lost two ships in sea and need money back. Can’t wait, so take piece of paper and find somebody willing to buy portion of the company from you…invested 3,000 coins into company, if comp doing well, then you can sell it for 3500 or 4000 for it. But Dutch east India comp doing badly have to sell for less…
By the early (end of 1600s) have stock exchange in Amsterdam, London, Lisbon, most major cities, Paris, Milan, lots of Italian cities have stock exchange.
-Banking
went through a lot changes during this period. Nothing new, been around for some time. During Middle Ages were relatively small, owned by Italian/Jewish families. Primary purpose was to change one form of coin into another. Like at currency conversion office these days. During renaissance banks take on a lot of new functions. People are now increasingly taking care of valuables (have family heirloom take to local bank), increasingly lending money, arranging payments on the behalf of customers, early form of checks, and early form of paper currency (over time)…
Arrange payments on people’s behalf’s…manage stock exchanges.
Jewish no religious rules against usury….diff b/w Jewish bankers and Christian aren’t as different as we thought they were…
Bankers facilitate investors, make it easier to invest. Number of diff things start to do. Jobs, more money… start to see governments establishing banks. 1st was Amsterdam. (Whistle bank in 1609) British government would establish 1694 bank of England. America goes through a big debate under the Jackson era as to whether or not they should support bank.
-Insurance
back in Roman Times, and Greek times. Old practice. Underneath the renaissance start to see insurance expanding and new types in practice. About a specific contract. Bought insurance for specific contract so nothing goes wrong...protection…other kinds of insurance on boats, houses, housing, shipping in general, and shipping of goods across ocean…
4.) The English Enclosures
changes taking place in land.
The enclosure movement is something unique to England. Historians put a lot of weight on this change. Part wide capitalism cemented in England. Allow for industrialization to take place. One specific change that takes place
Closures-
set of legal changes that take place in England that allow for landlords to take land away from peasants, take land previously used in agriculture, and use it now for raising sheep. As got control of land they’d enclose it with fences. Keeps sheep in place and mark out their lands from that of other peasants and landlords…why sheep? Price of textiles is going up and lots of British landlords realize make more money on wool production than they can on agriculture. Fuels this takeover of land.
What happens to peasants that used to live off land? Some starve, some go off to London. Leave for the city. A lot of English used for wool production and some for agriculture.
5.) Agricultural Development
Cities growing, population going up in Europe, rising drastically, one result is there’s demand for food than there was before. Europeans decided to go out and look for land not being used.
-Land Reclamation
taking land that was not previously used in agriculture, and not using it for agricultural for hydro cultural uses. You can cut down forests, start using it to grow grain. Commonly done. Cut down forests, go into marsh or swamp land and start using it. Rice. Italy, Netherlands rice needs water. In Holland built lots of wind mills and hook up to pumps and pump water off the land and build walls to keep water from coming on land. And use for growing food out of.
-Convertible husbandry
find out how to use land more efficiently…let nutrients return to land (unused land) enormously inefficient 1/3 sitting there. 16, 17th century get bright idea that convertible husbandry...lots of experimentation but number of crops will return nutrients to soil (such as clover, lagoons, soy bean products, turnips) through a combination of crop rotation rotating through these various crops one can return nutrients to soil and grow and use land at same time…form of crop rotation moving crops cross
soil = convertible husbandry
-growing Significance of Eastern Europe
Europe goes elsewhere to find food…go to eastern Europe…
east Europe is the bread basket of western Europe...Eastern Europe (Prussia (eastern part of Germany), Austria, and Russia) can throw Poland in there maybe…lots of agricultural changes
6.) Proto-Industrialization
proto is first or before…changes that take place before industrialization
-expansion of manufacturing
more manufacturing in modern Europe than before. (Linen, textile production, wool, cotton, silk, northern France, Italy, northern Italy, Germany, massive expansion of textile production) also production of Iron. Find Iron then you can find goal there. Still very old fashioned, using techniques been there for centuries since Middle Ages…same technology, products, just simply more. Expansion of manufacturing.
One real significance change that textile industry doing
-Rural Industry and the Putting-Out System
putting out system- form of contract labor; merchants go out into country side and there find cheap labor in country side to do work for them in textile industry. They would contract a work out (put out to work) allow them to bypass the main cites of production in the cities) why want to bypass the cities? Gets to problem of Guilds… guilds were there to keep prices high…monopolies on production in the cities. How do keep prices high? Control output (limit how much put out) keep output low, therefore price is high
Regulate qualitypay more for goods with a high quality. Keep quality rather high. Did that by making sure workers were highly skilled to produce highly quality goods.
Control labor
one way of keeping out the low was keeping people around who could do the job. Monopoly of production in that area. Only let few people in. worked great for them. Control of production, educated into the system, allowed prices to stay high. Merchants realize there’s a demand out there for low quality, cheap goods.
Demand for low quality, but cheap goods. Guilds weren’t meeting this demand. So merchants did. Went to countryside instead of cities and find peasants used to making clothes for themselves, a and they can put them to work ad hire them for couple of months works and put peasants together and get shirt, dress out of it. Called putting out system is put out contract out work to labor. Took place in rural areas. |
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Term
| What seven effects did the Commercial Revolution have on the wider society? |
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Definition
The Impact of Economic Development
7 things
1.) The Price Revolution-
caused inflation. Inflation of 16th century is price revolution. We are used to inflation but for Europe it was new, except for roman times…bad for buyer, but could be good for producer/trader. Make a lot of wealth.
2.) declining significance of agriculture
agriculture stays important, but economy as a whole is expanding. Result is portion of agriculture within entire economy is shrinking. Not less farming going on, but economy as a whole is getting bigger so others are textiles, manufacturing, so farming becomes smaller and smaller portion of the economy. REALLY bad news for the nobility. Nobility gets lots of wealth from agriculture. Creates strains on nobility
3.) Serfdom declining in Western Europe
begins to disappear with Black Death.
Capitalism comes up and finishes the job. (Actually French revolution) but serfdom we will see is being a mortal wound through capitalism. More peasants own their own land. Increasingly peasants are going to trade in the market, buying of goods, selling of agricultural products freely. Be able to enter into contracts, and able to basically move. All these things do not sit well with serfdom and are a problem.
4.) Entrenchment of Serfdom in Eastern Europe
opposite happens to serfdom...serfdom increases…it doesn’t become weaker, but becomes stronger, entrenched by 1750, serfdom in Europe is no different from slavery in the new world. Why Eastern Europe? (Prussia, Austria, and Russia) has something to do with being bread basket of Europe and agriculture
THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
5.) Population Growth=
bounces back with black death by 1440..drops 20 mill in black death…1800 more than doubled for population in Europe. Started in 1350…has to do with food.
6.) Urbanization-
lots of city growth and urbanization.
7.) Social Mobility
Because of economic growth, lots of doors will be open. For peasant (live or you die, not many choices/options) not even on list. 90-95% were peasants…other 5-10^% of population had opportunities.
-Merchant
artisan involved with trade and make money as merchant. Follow trade, make contacts, and establish dominance over textiles, silk, spices. Eventually earn money and loaning out to people (to banks?) to point where solely living off investments (loans and other investments)
-Rentier
someone who lives off of interest. Do not need to get your hands dirty anymore, then a rentier. Sit back let money come in…what do you do with your time? Take some of connections/loans and get involved with political work…see people pick up on state work.
-Bureaucrat—
Become a State Bureaucrat... sometimes to do this for free, power, prestige other times get a payment/salary of some sort. Did it MOSTLY for power. Once make it to states, try to make it up to noble.
-Noble
different avenues to take. Easiest way is to buy a noble estate. (If someone lost money gambling and needs to sell quickly) buy estate, noble clothes, maybe 2-3 generations people will forget you aren’t a noble. Just start acting like you were a noble. People accept u as a noble after 2-3 generations…
Find a job with the state with a title…in France bunch of these jobs as judges…if wanted to work as judge you get local court judge and came with a title…
Nobles of robe classic
people who bought their title.
Nobles of the sword
old time nobles…Medici (start off as merchants then bankers then end up as nobles) later Cosimos as Cosimos the 1st the grand duke Tuscany by middle of 1500s…and duke of Florence. And Catherine of Medici’s (religious wars/responsible for execution of protestants) gave birth to 3 powerful French kings) Merchants who made it up to top of social nobility. |
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