Term
| Example of live virulent vaccine ? |
|
Definition
| Natural infection on buttock |
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Term
| Ex of live, attenuated vaccine ? |
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Definition
B M S
BCG
Measles, mumps, rubella
Sabin polio virus |
|
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Term
| Ex of inactivated toxin and toxoid vaccines ? |
|
Definition
Tetanus
Diptheria
Carrier molecule for vaccination with malaria organism |
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Term
| Ex of recombinant vaccines ? |
|
Definition
H A S
Hepatitis B
Antigen peptide
Salmonella proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plasmid containing genes encoding pathogen |
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Term
| Risk with live, attenuated vaccines ? |
|
Definition
| In rare cases, attenuated organisms rever t to wild type |
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Term
| Good and bad of inactivated / killed vaccines ? |
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Definition
| Safer, but less effective than live or attenuated organisma |
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Term
| Advs of recombinant vaccines ? |
|
Definition
Fewer side effects of other vaccines
Adv of ability to add/subtract epitopes of importance |
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Term
| Main function of DNA vaccines ? |
|
Definition
For immunity to pathogens that will infect cells
Is used to generate antigen specific CTLs |
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Term
| Herd immunity refers to ? |
|
Definition
| Protection as a consequence of having most of the community immunized |
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Term
| What is passive immunization ? |
|
Definition
Pt. receives Abs generated in another individual or animal
Can be natural or artificial |
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Term
| Two examples of natural passive immunity ? |
|
Definition
1) Occurs in fetus when maternal IgG Abs cross the placenta
2) In neonate during breast feeding when IgG and IgA are present in colostrum |
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Term
| What is artificial passive immunization ? |
|
Definition
| Administration of Abs from human plasma/serum of individuals that have recently recovered from disease or from volunteers who have been intentionally immunized |
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Term
| Who are the usual recipients of artificial passive immunization ? |
|
Definition
| Immunocompromised individuals or immunocompetent people who need protection from disease during time before active immunization could be effective |
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Term
| Most Ab preparations for passive immunization are of what isotype ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infusion of heterologous Abs can cause
, and a second injection of the same animal serum may cause |
|
Definition
Serum sickness
anaphylaxis |
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Term
| Another name for active immunization ? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What happens in active immunization (vaccination) ? |
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Definition
| Pt. receives the antigen which stimulates the generation of an immune response, whether it be Ab or cell mediated by the pt. |
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Term
| Until when post-birth does mother provide Abs ? |
|
Definition
Before 3 months post-birth
By 3-6 months post-birth, majority of serum IgG is fetal in origin and has reached 50% of adult levels |
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Term
| What do adjuvants do to a vaccine ? |
|
Definition
| Enhance the immune response by prolonging the period of antigen presentation (providing "depot" effect) or stimulating the APC itself by promoting local cytokine production |
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|
Term
| Most commonly used adjuvants in human vaccines are ? |
|
Definition
| Inorganic salts based on aluminum hydroxide (alum) or calcium phosphate |
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Term
| What other thing works similar to an adjuvant ? |
|
Definition
ISCOMs (immune stimulating complexes) incorporate the antigen within a liposomal particle that is presented to APC
Also products of bacterial cells can also be used to stimulate local cytokine production |
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|
Term
| Some parent in Middle East expose buttock s of kids to sandfly holes ensuring infection via Leishmania species...this is an example of what type of vaccination ? |
|
Definition
| Live natural virulent vaccination |
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Term
| Are attenuate organisms avirulent ? |
|
Definition
| Yes, but maintain the antigenic epitopes of virulent strains |
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Term
| Attenuated vaccines have what risk ? |
|
Definition
| Risk of reversion to virulence and may cause a lot of disease in immunocompromised individuals |
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Term
| Characteristics of Salk polio vaccine ? |
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Definition
| Is less effective, but safer and can be used with immunocompromised individuals |
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Term
| What are the 3 advantages of DNA vaccines ? |
|
Definition
1) No risk of infection
2) Protein is produced in native form w/o the risk of denaturation during purification
3) DNA is very stable |
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|
Term
| Primary purpose of administering a DNA vaccine is ? |
|
Definition
| To generate antigen specific CTLs |
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|
Term
| 3 potential risks of DNA vaccines are ? |
|
Definition
1) Random integration of plasmid into host chromosomes or homologous recombination
2)Tolerance induction
3)Autoimmunity |
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Term
| Ex of anti-idiotype vaccine ? |
|
Definition
| Immunization against chronic lymphocytic lymphomas (CLL) |
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|
Term
| For "extracellular organisms" like Streptococcus pneumoniae, what type of immunity is crucial against it ? |
|
Definition
| Antibody mediated immunity |
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Term
| For "intracellular organisms" such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, what type of immunity is crucial to fight it ? |
|
Definition
| Cell mediated immunity (leading to cytokine release, activation of infected macrophages, and intracellular destruction of the organism) |
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Term
| Vaccine efficacy is altered by what 2 things ? |
|
Definition
| Inclusion of adjuvants and mode of storage |
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Term
| Vaccine efficacy depends on ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Vaccine efficacy is linked to ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Can vaccines cause significant neurological complications in like Guillain-Barre disease, due to cross-reactivity against antigens in CNS ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Bystander materials like Egg antigens in vaccine can cause what ? |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity reactions |
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|
Term
| Preservatives like neomycin/merthiolate in vaccines can cause what ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contamination with animal viruses was a problem with preparation of what two vaccines ? |
|
Definition
| Polio virus and Hepatitis B virus |
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|
Term
| Can killed vaccines pose any risk ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk with Pertussis vaccine is ? |
|
Definition
Contamination with endotoxin
But recombinant acellular vaccine for pertussis alleviates this concern |
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Term
| What is an example of a "cancer vaccine" ? |
|
Definition
| Immunizing with form of APCs (dendritic cells) pulsed in culture with a putative cancer antigen |
|
|
Term
| What cells are important for immunity to established melanoma ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Another name for herd immunity ? |
|
Definition
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