CAUSES OF SENSORINEURAL

DEAFNESS

• Inner ear infection
• Loud noise exposure
• Tumor
• Trauma
• Congenital
• Toxicity (asprin, alcohol, streptomycin)
• Ageing (PRESBYCUSIS)
• Meniere's disease

List the 5 P's of

ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY

1. Pain
2. Paresthesia
3. Pallor
4. Pulselessnes
5. Perishingly cold

14-20

breaths per minute

What drains in the

MEDIAL

meatus ?

Maxillary

Frontal

Anterial ethmoidal 

sinuses

What drains in the

INFERIOR

Meatus

?

Posterior ethmoidal

Sphenoidal

sinuses

Sx of

ARGYLL-ROBINSON

pupil

1. No reaction to light

2. IRREGULAR PUPILS

3. Near reaction present

(SYPHILIS/DIABETES)

Sx of

ADIE's PUPILS

1. WIDELY-DIALATED pupils

2. No light reflex

3. Near reaction present

Causes of

MITRAL INCOMPETENCE

• Mitral valve prolapse
• Infective endocarditis
• Rheumatic heart Dz
• Ruptured papillary muscle /chordae
• Papillary muscle dysfunciton
• LV dilation from any cause
• Autoimmune (SLE, etc.)

Main cause of

MITRAL STENOSIS

Major causes of

AORTIC INCOMPETENCE

Idiopathic aortic rot dilation

Rheumatic, infective endocarditis

Syphilis

Dissecting aneurysm

Major causes of

AORTIC STENOSIS

SENILE CALCIFICATION

RHEUMATIC HEART Dz

Double Apex beat

typically indicates ?

Hypertrophic

Cardiomyopathy

(stuttered LV outflow)

ASD murmur 

sounds like ?

Crescendo-decrescendo in PULMONARY area

Usually OSTEUM SECUNDUM defect

VSD murmur

Sounds like ??

Loud, PANSYSTOLIC MURMUR

Near sternum

Forceful apex beat with systolic precordial thrill

Sx of

EISENMENGER SYNDROME

LARGE VSD, ASD, PDA with pulmonary hypertension

-->

CYANOSIS

CLUBBING

L PARASTERNAL HEAVE

Sx of

COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

• Hypertenion in the upper body
• Weak lower extremity pulses
• RF delay

Aorta narrows after subclavian exit on L

Associated wiht bicuspid aortic valve

RH failure

Bradycardia

Fluid overload

SVC blockage (thrombus, lung cancer)

and constrictive pericarditis, impaired atrial filling

what is

ANISOCORIA

?

Unequal pupils

Causes of

ANISOCORIA

?

• Blunt trauma to eye
• Horner's
• Occulomotor paralysis
• open angle glaucoma

1. Edema
2. Stasis dermatitis
3. Ulcers
4. Varicose Veins

1. "5 P's"
2. Loss of hair
3. Shiny skin
4. Thickened nails
5. Ulcers (mostly toes, areas of trauma)
6. Gangrene