Term
| Why should we study Nutrition? |
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Definition
| Feed constitutes greatest single cost in livestock enterprise. As a vet you will be working with these industries |
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Term
| What are the goals of studing Nutrition? |
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Definition
1.To meet nutrient needs at least cost.
2. Good care, ethical standpoint, welfare |
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Term
| What are the 6 classes of Nutrients? |
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Definition
1. Water
2. Carbohydrates (1 = glucose)
3. Protein (10-11 dietary essential amino acids)
4. Lipids (2 or 3 essential fatty acids)
5. Vitamins (13: 4 fat sol & 9 water sol)
6. Minerals (16: 7 macro & 9 trace elements) |
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Term
| What are Macronutrients? What are the 4 Macronutrients? |
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Definition
Macronutrients are those needed in a larger amounts.
Carbohydrates (Glucose + fibre)
Protein
Fat
Water (Does not provide energy) |
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Term
| What are Micronutrients? What are the 2 Micronutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| The macronutrients (except water) provide what kind of materials? |
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Definition
Structural materials such as:
Amino Acids (Forms proteins)
Lipids (Forms cell membranes and signaling molecules) |
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Term
| Vitamins, minerals and water do not provide an? |
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Definition
| Energy or structural materials |
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Term
| What is Nutrition (nourishment)? |
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Definition
| It is the sum of all processes by which an animal takes in and utilizes food |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of processes within the alimentary canal in which feeds are broken down in particle size and made soluble for absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of the passage of digested nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood, where they are distributed throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| It is is the sum of all biochemical reactions that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and to build new tissue. |
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Term
| What do we mean when we say "food"? |
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Definition
| is an edible material that provides nutrients to humans. (Human food only) |
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Term
| What do we mean when we say "feed"? |
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Definition
| is a food item that animals eat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal |
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Term
| What is the Gastrointestinal Tract? What is the abbreviation for this term? |
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Definition
| the region of the alimentary canal that runs from the stomach to the colon. Abbreviation = GIT |
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Term
| What classes of animals have an Alimentary canal? |
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Definition
| All classes of production animals. Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Alimentary canal? |
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Definition
Intake food
digest it into molecules
absorb it into the blood
eliminate watses |
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Term
| What parts of the animal consitute the "Mouth"? What is the mouth used for? |
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Definition
Teeth, tougue and lips
Grazing, prehension and mastication (Chewing) of food |
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Term
| What secretory glands are present in the Mouth and what are the functions of their secretions? |
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Definition
| Salivary Glands -> secrete saliva
Funtions: Helps for bolus
moistens mouth
adds digestive enzymes
In Ruminants: aids buffering of pH |
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Term
| What are the parts (regions) of the "Stomach"? What is the function of the stomach as a whole organ? |
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Definition
| Cardiac region
Peptic Gland region
Pyloric Region
Function: To digest and sore food |
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Term
| What is the function of the Cardiac region? |
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Definition
| To produce mucus which priveds lubrication and protection of epithelial cells from damage by acid |
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Term
| What is the function of the Peptic Gland region? |
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Definition
| To produce enzymes (pepsin) and HCl which help to breakdown (digest) food into smaller molecules |
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Term
| What is the function of the Pyloric region? |
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Definition
| To produce mucus which provides lubrication aiding in the passage of food from the stomach into the intestine |
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Term
| What is the function of the Small Intestine? |
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Definition
| This is the Main Absorbtion Area for nutrients! This is also where some important secretions from duodenum, liver and pancreas are added to chyme (digesta solution) |
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Term
| What are the parts (sections) of the Small intestine? |
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Definition
In order from stomach to large intestine:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum |
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Term
| What is the function of the Duodenum? |
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Definition
| Duodenum: Mixes chyme with disgestive juices (Pancreatic and bile secreations) |
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Term
| What is the function of the Jejunum? |
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Definition
| Jejunum: Site of nutrient absorption |
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Term
| What is the function of the Ileum? |
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Definition
| Ileum:Absorbtion of Vit. B12, Salts and any needed nutrients not absorbed in the jejunum |
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Term
| What are the parts of the large intestine? What is the function of the large intestine as one organ? |
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Definition
In order from small instetine to anus:
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Functions: Absorb water, very low enzyme or hormone secretion, bacterial fermenation (Varies between species), eliminate wastes via the anus. |
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Term
| What is the function of the Cecum? |
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Definition
hosts a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose (morphology of cecum varies between species)
Fun Fact!: Birds have paired cecum! |
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Term
| What are the constituents of normal feces (whats in it)? |
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Definition
Water
Bacteria
Epithelials cells
inorganic salts
undigested food residues |
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Term
| What is the function of the Colon? |
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Definition
| Absorbs water!!! Al absorbs sodium and some fat soluble vitamins and VFA's produced by bactera |
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Term
| What is the function of the Rectum? |
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Definition
| Temporary storage site for feces. As the rectal walls expand due to the materials filling it, it will stimulate the animal to deficate and push the material into the anal canal |
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Term
| What is the the Anus? What is its function? |
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Definition
| The anus is an opening after the analm sphincter located between the anal canal and the exterior world. It controls the elimination of feces. |
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Term
| Ruminats have what kind of stomach? What are the parts? |
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Definition
Have compound stomach which is divided into 4 compartments.
Reticulum
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum |
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Term
| What is so special about the Ruminant's compound stomach? What does it give them the ability to do? |
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Definition
It gives them the ability to utilize plant fiber
**Ruminants are always referred to as Herbivores** |
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Term
| What is another name for the Rumen? |
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Definition
| The "Paunch"? Why?? No one Knows! Hahaha! |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Reticulum? |
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Definition
AKA: “Honey comb” or hardware stomach
Main function is to collect smaller digesta particles and move them to the Omasum
It is located next to the heart
Traps heavy objects ingested by animal
Has a capacity of about 5 gallons in mature cow |
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Term
| What could happen if a Ruminant, such as a cow, ate a sharp object like a nail? |
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Definition
| It would likely be trapped in the Reticulum, and could perforated the reticulum, becuase of the close approximation to the heart, it could also perforate the heart, killing the animal. (Don't feed ur cows nails yo!) :P |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Rumen? |
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Definition
It is lined with papillae for nutrient absorption
It is divided by muscular pillars into sacs
Is an anaerobic environment
Has a pH range of 5.5-6.5 |
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Term
| What is the main function of the Rumen? |
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Definition
| to host symbiotic bacteria! |
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Term
| What is the main purpose of having symbiotic bacteria in the Rumen? |
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Definition
They provide Volitile fatty acids VFA's which provide energy
Can make several components such as vitamins and proteins that would otherwise need to be supplemented in the feed |
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Term
| Why is the Rumen the best place for the Bacteria? |
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Definition
| It provides the perfect environment for fermenation. Since the bacteria are anaerbic they are find the optimal environment in the rumen. |
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Term
| What are te Key Features of the rumen fermentation: |
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Definition
1. Relatively stable pH (5.5 ‑ 6.5)
2. Constant nutrient supply
3. Anaerobic
4. Constant temperature (38 C)
5. Continuous end product removal
6. Continuous mixing
7. VFA provided (50 -70% of cow’s daily Energy requirements) |
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Term
| What do the Bacteria do for the Ruminant? |
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Definition
Break down fibrous feeds into VFAs
Synthesize protein from NPN (Non-protein nitrogen)
Synthesize vitamins B and K |
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Term
| How big is the Rumen of your average cow? |
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Definition
| Very large (~30-35 gal in cow) |
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Term
| What is the nickname for the Omasum and what are its functions? |
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Definition
AKA: Manypiles or book stomach, since it looks like wet muscular scrap heap
Functions: To reduce particle size and absorb some water |
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Term
| What is another name for the Abomasum? |
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Definition
AKA: The "True" or "Simple" Stomach
It is a regular glandular stomach like that of Monogastics (non-ruminant animals) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Abomasum? |
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Definition
Produces:
HCL
Pepsin
Lipase
Mucin |
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Term
| What are some examples of Monogastric animals? |
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Definition
| Pigs, Dogs, Cats, Primates (Humans of course) |
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Term
| What is difference in function between monogastrics and ruminants? |
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Definition
| Monogastric animals can not utilize plant fibre to any great extent |
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Term
| What is meant by Non-ruminant Herbivores? What is another name for these? |
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Definition
AKA: Hindgut Fermentors
They have a simple stomach incapable of utilizing high fiber diets and a hind gut (cecum & colon) that can ferment fibrous feed (Cellulose, Hemicellulose & Lignin) |
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Term
| What are some examples of Non-ruminant Herbivores (Hind Gut Fermentors)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animal has the largest GIT as a percentage of their BM (Body Mass)? |
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Definition
| Cows, their GIT accoounts for 40% of their BM. |
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