Term
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Definition
| a system of reproductive specialization in which one caste carries out reproduction in a colony of non-reproductive individuals (CAN occur without haplodiploidy, ex. naked mole rats) |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic system in which one sex is diploid (females) and one sex is haploid (males); the haploid sex develops from unfertilized eggs - consequence is that sisters are more related to each other than their own children! |
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Term
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Definition
| using all one's resources in a single reproductive effort; "kamikaze reproduction" |
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Term
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Definition
| strategy of reproducing repeatedly; conserving oneself to breed again |
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Term
| Invest more v. Invest less |
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Definition
1) suppress ovulation
2) reabsorption
3) infanticide
4) abandonment
-suckling rate affects birth rate
-invest more in older infants
-invest more if you are old |
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Term
| Parent-Offspring Conflict |
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Definition
| differential relatedness between mother and offspring predict different preferences for time of weaning |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between two organisms in which each receives a benefit to its own RS |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between two organisms in which the actor receives a cost to to its own RS and the recipient benefits |
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Term
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Definition
Win-win
Win-lose
lose-lose
one iteration, best strategy is to defect!
many iterations, best strategy is tit-for-tat! (Tit-for-tat) |
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Term
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Definition
| strategy in which a player, 1) begins by cooperating, then 2) copies what the opponent did on the preceding move |
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Term
| Preconditions for Reciprocal Altruism |
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Definition
1) there is a cost of giving, there is a benefit to receiving
2) delay between altruistic act and reciprocal act
3) giving is contingent upon receiving (ex. vampire bats) |
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Term
| Proximate Mechanisms Needed for Reciprocal Altruism |
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Definition
1) individual recognition
2) recall past interactions
3) quantify costs and benefits
4) time assessment
5) recognize cheaters
6) punish cheaters |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of altruism in which one organism provides a benefit to another in expectation of future reciprocation |
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Term
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Definition
1) Meiosis (you are only 50% related to your kids as opposed to 100% related to them asexually, i.e. two-fold advantage of parthenogenesis)
2) Cost of recombination
3) Cost of mating |
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Term
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Definition
1) The Lottery Principle
2) The Deleterious Mutation Idea (i.e. Muller's Ratchet)
3) The Red Queen Hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
A BENEFIT of Sex
1) Sex introduces variability by producing a range of offspring
2) Having varied offspring is better than lots of the same type |
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Term
| The Deleterious Mutation Idea |
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Definition
A BENEFIT of Sex
Muller's Ratchet
1) asexuality means bad alleles accumulate
2) sex allows bad alleles to get wiped out in batches |
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Term
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Definition
A BENEFIT of Sex
"it takes all the running you can do just to stay in one place"
sex is needed to fight disease
parasites invent new keys, hosts change the locks
locks are changed in two ways:
heterozygosity- organisms have two different alleles
polymorphism- populations have many different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
How the "lock is changed":
organisms have two different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
How the "lock is changed":
Populations have many different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
1) most sex differences not 100% predictable- humans distinguish sex by size of sex cells (i.e. anisogamy v. isogamy)
2) sexes define which gametes can fuse with each other |
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Term
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Definition
Having sex cells of more than one size
Consequences:
1) from conception, female investment exceeds that of male
2) The great divide: Males are the "mate-getting" sex; females are the "ecological sex" |
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Term
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Definition
| Having sex cells of only one size |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual that possesses functional male and female organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequentially hermaphroditic species in which individuals change from FEMALE to MALE |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequentially hermaphroditic species in which individuals change from MALE to FEMALE |
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Term
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Definition
| Females tend to limit male RS more than males limit female RS (i.e. variance in male RS is higher than variance in female RS) |
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