Term
|
Definition
| How a trait changes across the lifecourse of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary history of the trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how a trait helps/has helped an organism survive and reproduce, i.e. how it increases fitness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in allele frequency over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any set of alternative forms of a gene or trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside appearance of a trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic makeup of a trait that gives rise to its phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of inheritance passed from parent to offspring; made up of DNA; found in pairs on chromosomes; chromosomes live in pairs so there are two alleles at each locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two alleles are different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have two copies of each gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have one copy of each gene (ex. gamete) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| range of possible phenotypes for a given genotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how strictly the genotype controls the phenotype |
|
|
Term
| Divergence/ Adaptive Radiation |
|
Definition
| process by which a species can diversify into multiple species over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity due to shared evolutionary history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which a similar trait evolves independently in two species (ex. wings in bats and wings in song birds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity due to convergent evolutionary history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RANDOM PROCESS of evolution
heritable change in an individual's genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RANDOM PROCESS of evolution
An accidental alteration in allele frequency that can occur in a small population (ex. Founder effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RANDOM PROCESS of evolution
change in allele frequency that occurs when individuals move between populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RANDOM PROCESS of evolution
change in frequency of an allele that is correlated with a different selected allele |
|
|
Term
| Random processes of evolution (4) |
|
Definition
1. Mutation
2. Genetic Drift
3. Gene Flow
4. Correlation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Differential reproductive success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits selected by humans |
|
|
Term
| Non-Random Processes of Evolution (2) |
|
Definition
1. Natural Selection
2. Artificial Selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trait that arises as a result of natural selection- must have been heritable and increased RS; recognizable because they look complex and designed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trait that evolved because it increased survival and/or reproduction in one context that has been co-opted for use in another context (ex. JB's nose holding up hipster glasses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individual's RS OR a gene's RS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The WRONG idea
Theoretical challenge to this idea:
1) strong selection pressure for cheaters
2) group transfer ratelikely to be higher than group extinction rate
Empirical Challenge to this idea:
1) lots of data and examples! the "altruistic" behavior usually actually increases the organism's RS, ex. squirrels and alarm calls |
|
|
Term
| Coefficient of Relatedness (r) |
|
Definition
the % of genes that two individuals share via common descent
To calculate: determine r for all possible paths of relatedness; relations along the same path are multiplied; relations from different paths are added |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fitness achieved through an individual's RS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fitness achieved through influence on RS of relatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| = Direct + Indirect Fitness |
|
|
Term
| Hamilton's Rule concerning when an organism will act "altruistically" |
|
Definition
when C < rB
C= cost to the organism
B= benefit to organism
ex. 1: alarm calling in squirrels- females "kiss" others to determine which are kin based on scent glands
ex. 2: "Helpers at the Nest" |
|
|
