Term
| How much of the worlds work are women responsible for? |
|
Definition
| 2/3 of the worlds working hours |
|
|
Term
| How much of the worlds income to women get? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it problematic that women and men continue to make gender-stereotyped career choices? |
|
Definition
| Gender-stereotyped choices affect power, prestige and income. Gender stereotypes affect beliefs about competence and career choices in adolescents and college students |
|
|
Term
| What do preschoolers know about career stereotypes and earnings? |
|
Definition
| Preschoolers are aware of stereotypes, affecting beliefs about career, competence, and their potential earnings. |
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to enroll in college? |
|
Definition
| Women are more likely to enroll in college. |
|
|
Term
| Who gets more undergraduate degrees? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are women pursuing male-typical majors and careers and more likely to change their career paths? |
|
Definition
| They face more discrimination, feel less encouraged and supported, are reluctant to ask for help, and get less academic attention. |
|
|
Term
| How might having mainly male professors be a disadvantage for females? |
|
Definition
| Male professors provide fewer role models and mentors for females, and create a competitive vs. cooperative interaction style. |
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to enroll in grad school? Who is more likely to get advanced degrees? |
|
Definition
| Women are more likely to enroll in grad school, but men are more likely to get advanced degrees. |
|
|
Term
| Why might women prefer job benefits such as flexibility more than men? |
|
Definition
| Women may prefer flexibility if they plan on having both a family and a career. |
|
|
Term
| Why might women be less willing to take advantage of job benefits? |
|
Definition
| benefits is often perceived as detrimental. |
|
|
Term
| Why do women prefer working public rather than private institutions even when though public institutions tend to offer less pay? |
|
Definition
| They prefer egalitarian environments with lower salaries. |
|
|
Term
| What factors do female scientists report as involved in their decisions to leave their jobs and departments? |
|
Definition
| Female scientists report challenges to competence and sexual harassment as reasons for leaving jobs. |
|
|
Term
| What factors are associated with lower job satisfaction and productivity? |
|
Definition
| More sexism and harassment. |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between men and women in terms of consideration for postdoctoral fellowships, tenure, and promotion? |
|
Definition
| Women applying for post-doc fellowship had to be 2.5x as productive to receive same competence score. Women are less likely to get tenure, and wait longer for tenure and promotion. |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems associated with workplace integration? |
|
Definition
| Fitting in, exclusion from social interactions which hinders advancement and makes supportive relationships more difficult to obtain. There is also isolation, resentment, practical jokes, threats, and harassment. |
|
|
Term
| What is tokenism? What problems do tokens face? |
|
Definition
| Represents a minority rather than an individual. Tokens are under increased scrutiny and pressure. |
|
|
Term
| How do the experiences of token females and token males differ? |
|
Definition
| Token males advance and are scrutinized for being in stereotypically female careers while token females face problems being accepted and have to deal with harassment. |
|
|
Term
| How do male business executives and males with traditional attitudes evaluate women seeking management and leadership positions? |
|
Definition
| Male business executives perceive women as less competent, qualified and experienced. Men with traditional attitudes believe female applicants will be less successful, perceiving masculine qualities as necessary for success. |
|
|
Term
| How are women in masculine-typical occupations affected by a double standard? |
|
Definition
| Women are penalized for using masculine style, even though men thing that only this style can lead to success in certain domains. Same behavior is judged differently depending on gender. Authority may be challenged more. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by glass ceiling? How does it manifest itself? |
|
Definition
| Invisible barrier that prevents women and ethnic minorities from advancing in organizations passed a certain point. Women and minorities don’t advance to highest corporate levels, and advance more slowly in academic and scientific careers. They have to work harder to get the same promotions as men. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by sticky floor? |
|
Definition
| Low-status jobs with little opportunity for advancement, employees get stuck at lowest levels. Characteristic of many female-dominated occupations, especially ethnic minority females. |
|
|
Term
| How do people tend to react to women who are successful in stereotypical male-domains? |
|
Definition
| Women who are successful in male domains are less liked. Also, there is suspicion that the success is due to either affirmative action or relationship, not competence. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by glass escalator? |
|
Definition
| Invisible force that promotes advancement of men to higher positions in female-dominated areas. Women are under-represented at highest levels of female-dominated professions. There are often male supervisors. |
|
|
Term
| How much more do men tend to make than women? Why? When controlling for a variety of factors that may explain this difference, does the difference persist? |
|
Definition
| Men make 23% more money than women. |
|
|
Term
| Do women tend to make more money than men within female-dominated occupations? |
|
Definition
| Men still make more money than women within female-dominated occupations. |
|
|
Term
| Is there legislation indicating that people should receive equal pay for equal work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concept of comparable worth? |
|
Definition
| Male-dominated fields pay better even when same level of education and skill required. There are fewer opportunities for advancement in female-dominated areas. “Women’s work” is devalued by both females and males. |
|
|
Term
| How do traditionally female jobs differ from traditionally male jobs in terms of payment and advancement? |
|
Definition
| Males tend to excel in both payment and advancement for both male and female jobs. |
|
|
Term
| How do people differentially evaluate work if they think it was done by males or females? |
|
Definition
| People’s opinions of prestige and pay differ when occupation is perceived as female or male-dominated. |
|
|
Term
| How do people perceive occupations if they think the occupation is female-dominated or requires stereotypically feminine skills? |
|
Definition
| People’s opinions of prestige and pay differ when occupation is perceived as female or male-dominate |
|
|
Term
| In experiments, how do males and females evaluate their pay when assigned to feminine vs masculine jobs? |
|
Definition
| When men enter female-dominated occupations, they expect prestige and pay, while females expect lower salaries in both. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when men start to enter female-dominated occupations in large numbers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are women more satisfied with the pay they receive? |
|
Definition
| Women value benefits over high pay, such as flexibility if they plan on having both a family and a career. |
|
|
Term
| How does having a family influence the career of women vs. men? |
|
Definition
| It is assumed that mothers will be less committed to their career, because they are perceived as less suitable for positions of authority, perceived negatively for devoting time to work and family. Men are penalized for having a family also but it is more of a problem for women. Women feel guilt and stress, and people have a different view of involved moms and involved dads. |
|
|
Term
| Is employment a choice for many women with families? |
|
Definition
| Female employment is not possible for many families. |
|
|
Term
| Whose career suffers more interruptions? Why? Do job interruptions affect career progress? |
|
Definition
| Wife’s career will be secondary. She will experience job interruptions such as sick kids, sick parent, spouse transfers, birth, and such discontinuities will slow career progress. |
|
|
Term
| How do multiple roles influence a person’s happiness? |
|
Definition
| People who have both job and family tend to be psychologically and physically healthier. Partners will be more satisfied if both are employed and share household responsibilities. |
|
|
Term
| men in female-oriented occupations also complain of discrimination when it comes to |
|
Definition
| tendency to devalue work associated with men. |
|
|
Term
| how are working mothers regarded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sex-role spillover? |
|
Definition
| Sex-role spillover is the carryover of gender-based roles into the work setting. It is exacerbated by having a highly skewed ratio of the sexes at work. The sex roles associated with the majority sex become incorporated into the work roles. In male-dominated jobs, activity, rationality, and aggressiveness are emphasized, whereas nurturance and passivity are associated with "women's work. |
|
|
Term
| How are females in leadership positions viewed? Why? |
|
Definition
| Women in high-status male-dominated occupations more often targets of prejudice and discrimination |
|
|
Term
| women in leadership positions face |
|
Definition
| more obstacles, less satisfaction. same powey and rank, less status and power |
|
|
Term
| women: stock options, more assignments |
|
Definition
| exclusion and negative stereotyped |
|
|
Term
| women successful in male domains less |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| women are given suspicion |
|
Definition
| either affirmitve action or relationship - no competence |
|
|
Term
| What is sexual harassment? Who is most likely to be a victim? Who is most likely to be the perpetrator? |
|
Definition
Unwanted sexual attention, sexual remarks, derogatory remarks
Females most common victims
Males most common harassers |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of harassment we talked about? Which is most common? |
|
Definition
| Hostile environment=most comm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual favors for employment, promotion, or to prevent firing, transfer, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Physical acts sexual harrassment |
|
Definition
| unwanted deliberate touching or leaning over, cornering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jokes, comments, remarks about sex, sexual comments about appearance, talking about person in sexual terms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| display of sexual material, sexual gestures, unwanted letters or phone calls |
|
|
Term
| results of sexual harassment |
|
Definition
| psychological harm or reduced productivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Offensive, hostile, disparaging
behavior or remarks directed at
someone because of gender
Comments about behavior of group |
|
|
Term
| Is sexual harassment usually reported? |
|
Definition
| Victims reluctant to report it even when unambiguous |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of females experience sexual harassment in college? |
|
Definition
| 62% of college students, only 7% reported it |
|
|
Term
| what factors make sexual harassment more likely? |
|
Definition
| permissive attitudes toward harassment associated with permissiveness regarding sexual coercion |
|
|
Term
| hostile most common type of harrassment, but work harassment often associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sexual harassment more likely in |
|
Definition
| women in male-dominated jobs, women in gender-stratified jobs |
|
|
Term
| How does sexual harassment affect the victims? |
|
Definition
Self-esteem, confidence, depression, PTSD, satisfaction, commitment
Quitting, absenteeism
Sleeping, anxiety, fear, anger, eating/weight, headaches, nausea/Retaliation from rejecting or reporting
Work load, transfer, raises,
promotions, job loss, references
Prospective employers skeptical
Confrontation and job outcome |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes harassers? |
|
Definition
assertion of power and authority
sex-role spillover and objectification of women
linking power and sex, may use one to get the other
impulse control
tolerance associated with hostility toward women
hostile and benevolent sexism, masculine culture of workplace, power asymmetries |
|
|
Term
| Are males and females equally represented in the world’s governments? |
|
Definition
Males disproportionately represented in positions of prestige and prominence, in economic and political spheres
16.9% of seats in national parliaments and legislatures held by women |
|
|
Term
| What are some issues with the argument that women are less motivated to achieve? |
|
Definition
| Socialization for achievement |
|
|
Term
| What were the results of the Anne and John studies? Did these studies support the idea that women have a fear of success? What did they demonstrate? |
|
Definition
| This study updated and extended the classic "fear of success" study conducted by Matina Horner more than 30 years ago. Horner (1970) asked college students to respond to a scenario in which "Anne" or "John" is at the top of her/his medical school class. Based on the negative responses of students to "Anne," Horner concluded that women have a motive to avoid success, or a "fear of success" such that they anticipate negative consequences for their participation or success in male domains..switches to asking about nursing school (not med school)=shows people's success in gender-inappropriate areas |
|
|
Term
| Why might women face negative consequences as a result of being successful? |
|
Definition
Negative consequences
-social rejection
-establishing connections
-threatening to males
Avoiding social disapproval
-hiding or avoiding achievement, self-sabotage
-extra-feminine behavior |
|
|
Term
| How are females in leadership positions viewed? Why? |
|
Definition
Women in high-status male-dominated occupations more often targets of prejudice and discrimination
More obstacles, less satisfaction
Same pay and rank, still less status and
power
Stock options, important assignments
Exclusion, negative stereotypes
Women successful in male domains less
liked
Suspicion – affirmative action or
relationship, not competence |
|
|
Term
| How does power relate to access to resources? |
|
Definition
The relationship between resources and power
power to punish or reward
legitimize position/authority
credentials of expertise
being liked by others
having valued information |
|
|
Term
| How does the US compare to other developed countries regarding the ratio of women to men living in poverty? |
|
Definition
cross-culturally
US has highest ratio of women to men living in poverty compared to other developed countries
women 38% more likely to live in poverty
single women 100% more likely to live in poverty than single men
women have less opportunity to obtain |
|
|
Term
| How are women’s efforts to increase access to resources often perceived? |
|
Definition
Efforts to increase access seen as illegitimate, unreasonable, threatening
convincing subordinates of dominant group’s right to power |
|
|
Term
| What mechanisms make it difficult to correct imbalances in power? |
|
Definition
Hard to correct established imbalances in power
tradition
religion
legal and judicial control
control of media |
|
|
Term
| How and why do males and females (or powerful and powerless individuals) use strategies of influence differently? What are some problems associated with the use of indirect, personal, and helpless strategies? |
|
Definition
Those with power use strong, authoritative tactics
Those without power use tactics based on accommodation and dependency |
|
|
Term
| Direct vs Indirect strategy |
|
Definition
Females are more likely to use indirect, subtle, submissive strategies these strategies are less threatening. Those with less power are usually meet with disapproval if they use direct strategies due to role expectations
Negative consequences of indirect strategies
One never receives credit for suggestions or achievements |
|
|
Term
| Those that use helplessness strategies are seen as incompetent and as relying on others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons that females are under-represented at higher political levels? |
|
Definition
| Females have problems establishing legitimacy, acquiring funds, fighting stereotypes and there are enough voters will to vote for females |
|
|
Term
| Do males and females place different value on leadership roles? Are they differently effective as leaders? |
|
Definition
| Females and males do not differ in their desire for leadership roles and there is NO difference in their effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| Why do women have trouble achieving leadership roles? How are female leaders judged? |
|
Definition
| Females have trouble b/c they are marginalized, males are preferred in leadership roles, there is lots of prejudice against female leaders, they are assumed to lack leadership qualities and those that do possess the qualities are seen negatively, and they are seen as incompetent |
|
|
Term
| How might the leadership behaviors of individuals relate more to their position than their gender? |
|
Definition
| One is seen negatively and less effective when they are in token positions that have no future - regardless of gender- b/c they have no power and a loss of respect |
|
|
Term
| How might informal work activities exclude women and why is this a problem? |
|
Definition
| Females are excluded from outings such as going to a bar, stripclub or golfing for a meeting. Problem that occurs is that sometimes business decisions are made at these outings |
|
|
Term
| How does power affect the power-holder? |
|
Definition
| Power holder uses direct strategies of influence, person complies, person in power devalues person and takes credit. Males in power: females taught to build male egos, males may develop sense of superiority, females may develop sense of inferiority through internalization of second-class status. |
|
|
Term
| How do women and men allocate rewards to themselves differently? What variable modulates this difference? |
|
Definition
| females pay themselves less when diving resources and men pay themselves more. Females may pay themselves more when they are told that whatever they pay themselves will not detract from their mate |
|
|
Term
| What happens when men and women pay themselves for the same amount of work? |
|
Definition
| emales pay themselves less |
|
|
Term
| How does the work that women and men do for a certain amount of pay differ? |
|
Definition
| females work harder and longer for the same pay |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons that women may pay themselves less? |
|
Definition
| emales usually compare themselves to other females so they don't usually see a difference |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by paradoxical contentment? From what does it seem to result? |
|
Definition
| Equal satisfaction b/c comparing self to women not men. Same-sex is comparisons more influential. When given info about the pay of others there is no gender difference. When led to believe pay biased, rely more on own performance |
|
|
Term
| What is the just-world phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| Everything is alright and that the world is just |
|
|
Term
| What is affirmative action? For what purpose is it designed? How do people view it and why? |
|
Definition
| Strategies to increase promotion of women and minorities in places where they have been excluded or under-represented, it is meant to remedy the invisible mechanism of preferential treatment and the goal is to even out the playing field. !/3 of people do not support it they believe it promotes hiring of unqualified candidates and they see the hires seen more negatively regardless of qualifications |
|
|
Term
| What role does denial of personal discrimination play in perceptions of fairness? |
|
Definition
| Denial of personal discrimination leads to Personal relative deprivation- when a person is confronted with facet that they are not treated fairly |
|
|
Term
| Collective relative deprivation |
|
Definition
| the realization that women as a group are discriminated against. May lack information allowing comparisons. Awareness of personal and collective discrimination is related to support of affirmative action |
|
|
Term
| Collective relative deprivation |
|
Definition
| the realization that women as a group are discriminated against. May lack information allowing comparisons. Awareness of personal and collective discrimination is related to support of affirmative action |
|
|
Term
| What is the United States’ position regarding the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women? |
|
Definition
| Women and men should be equal before the law with the Same rights and responsibilities in marriage/divorce, Equal pay for equal work, Passage of legislation and promotion of policies, and Progress reports. The U.S. has had difficulty defining equality |
|
|
Term
| How are female and male suspects treated differently? |
|
Definition
| Men commit more crimes, especially violent crimes. Women are less likely to be arrested, given more lenient sentences unless the crime is “unfeminine”. This may be due to fewer and less violent previous convictions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Murder of cheating spouse
Statutory rape and homosexual acts when performed by males
Solicitation and prostitution arrests
70% female prostitutes
20% male prostitutes
10% customers |
|
|
Term
| Why are women more fearful of being victimized even though men are more often victims of violent crime? |
|
Definition
| Socialization, the types of crimes experienced (violence, rape...), Interference with daily life, and propensity to be murdered at home |
|
|
Term
| What are some major ways in which society can remedy gender imbalances? |
|
Definition
Recognition of differences and transformation of institutions.
The current workplace built around male preferences but accommodating females can benefit males too. Consideration of family issues. Eradicating gender as an organizing principle in society, and raise awareness about discrimination |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes the types of emotions that females and males are more likely to express? |
|
Definition
| Males report more positive emotions and female more negative (parents talk more about sad events when younger). Females express: happiness, sadness, fear, guilt, shame. Express emotions to enhance relationships. Female emotions associated with having less control. Females report crying more often and cry when angry. Men express: anger, pride, contempt – express power and control. Males are less likely to express vulnerability. |
|
|
Term
| Why do lab studies on aggression tend to show fewer gender differences than appear in the real-world? |
|
Definition
| Females and males are treated and respond more similarly in labs – conditions are equalized. In real-world situations, males report more physical and verbal antagonism. In life, the sexes differ dramatically in their concerns, accomplishments, and the way they spend their time. There are different expectations, pressures, and constraints placed on them. |
|
|
Term
| What is overt aggression? Relational aggression? Indirect aggression? On which type do males and females tend to show the most differences? Why might this be |
|
Definition
| Overt aggression: aggression that physically hurts of threatens another person. Relational aggression: aggression that hurts or threatens another person by damaging his/her relationships (indirect or social aggression). Indirect: sneaky; not helping someone when they need help; spreading negative info about a person. Gender differences are larger for physical than verbal aggression. Largest differences when measured by direct observation. Girls engage in more relational than physical aggression and the reverse for boys. Social norms and expectations influence the expression of aggression – differences largest when expectations differ most strongly. |
|
|
Term
| How does anonymity affect the aggressive behavior of males and females in the lab? |
|
Definition
| If the salience of social norms is removed so that men and women have no reason to expect different levels of approval for aggressive actions, the gender difference in aggression can evaporate. Wearing name tags, sitting close to the experimenter, and revealing personal info brought about expected gender differences: men dropped more bombs on their opponents in video games. Anonymous participants: no significant gender differences. |
|
|
Term
| How do males and females differ regarding expectations of the consequences of aggressive behavior? |
|
Definition
| Boys approve of and expect more rewards and fewer punishments for aggression. They are equally aggressive when offered equal rewards for aggressive behavior. Unless especially angered or provoked, females may either be more inhibited about expressing aggressive feelings or more in control of their aggressive reactions. |
|
|
Term
| How do females and males differ regarding changes in physiological arousal as a result of engaging in aggressive behavior? |
|
Definition
| Gender differences in aggression are smallest in studies that produce either very low or very high levels of emotional arousal and largest in studies that evoke intermediate levels of arousal. |
|
|
Term
| Who is more physiologically reactive to emotions? |
|
Definition
| Males are more physiologically reactive to emotions. Females are better at emotional regulation while males are more impulsive. |
|
|
Term
| What communication styles used by women are more likely to have a greater influence on males? on females? Is there a difference in the amount of influence exerted by males depending on the style of speech they use? |
|
Definition
| Women who speak tentatively are more influential with men but less influential with women. Women’s “other-oriented” interruptions focus on supporting men’s storytelling by showing interest and creating opportunities for them to demonstrate their knowledge. There is more emphasis on dominance hierarchies in all-male groups. Women are more likely to successfully influence other females than to influence males. Men tend to resist influence by women, especially when the women use influence strategies that are competent and direct. Face-to-face arguments persuade women more then through e-mail; for men, they respond similarly to both types. |
|
|
Term
| Who talks more in childhood? In adulthood? In mixed-gender gro |
|
Definition
| In childhood, women talk more especially if talking to adults. In adults, men talk more. In mixed-gender groups, men talk more and have more influence because of their automatic ascribed higher status. Men more likely to interrupt in mixed-gender groups and women are viewed more negatively if they interrupt. Low-status people/women smile more. |
|
|
Term
| Who is better at interpreting emotions? What factor modulates this difference? |
|
Definition
| Through the effects of socialization, women are better at interpreting emotions. |
|
|
Term
| Does there seem to be maternal instinct? |
|
Definition
| No, the participation rates of women in the care of small children may reflect social pressure, gender identification, and the nature of the choices available to men and women. There is no evidence of a gender difference in nurturance. Harlow’s experiment with monkeys raised in isolation with either cloth or wire mothers showed there is no inborn instinct. |
|
|
Term
| Do males and females differ in empathy toward children and adults? in physiological response to another person’s distress? |
|
Definition
| The sexes do not differ in their physiological responses to an infant’s cry – females more likely to report that the crying bothers them. Men are as good at identifying the meaning of a baby’s cry and using infants’ cues to guide their own caregiving behavior. Both genders equally hold, rock, talk to, and smile at their babies. Empathy: on self-reports, females score much higher; when measuring responses to emotional situations in the lab, no gender differences found. No difference in physiological response to another person’s distress. When children explicitly questioned about their reactions, girls showed more nonverbal signs of empathy. Women better at interpreting auditory cues and decoding visual cues. |
|
|
Term
| What is the double standard of sexual behavior? On what assumptions is it based? How does it influence people’s expectations of sexual behavior? |
|
Definition
| Double standard = two different standards of sexual behavior for women and men. Assumptions that males have a greater desire and need for sexual activity – makes it seem appropriate for men to be the sexual aggressors and for women to be the sexual gatekeepers. It trivializes women’s sexual feelings and men’s capacity for self-control. Women who have been sexually assaulted, harassed, or raped are often blamed for their own victimization. It leads to men’s failure to learn to take responsibility for controlling their sexual behavior, women’s failure to learn about their own capacity for sexual pleasure, and a reluctance of sexual partners to communication with each other about their feelings. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to gender differences found in surveys assessing sexual behavior if people believe they are hooked up to a polygraph? |
|
Definition
| Not sure, but would probably result in similar answers, knowing that they could not simply conform to their gender-specific roles being that a polygraph would read their stereotypical answers as lies. |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems associated with the use of surveys to find out about sexual behavior? |
|
Definition
Not guaranteed honest answers. May include non-representative samples. People may distort reality by exaggerating or denying activity. Some are unable to remember accurately and have difficulty estimating frequency and time spent engaging in sexual behaviors. Volunteer participants are usually more experienced and less inhibited. There may also be deliberate exclusion of certain groups based on age, race etc.
Not guaranteed honest answers. May include non-representative samples. People may distort reality by exaggerating or denying activity. Some are unable to remember accurately and have difficulty estimating frequency and time spent engaging in sexual behaviors. Volunteer participants are usually more experienced and less inhibited. There may also be deliberate exclusion of certain groups based on age, race etc. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of studies did Masters & Johnson do? |
|
Definition
| They observed cycles of sexual arousal and orgasm. They didn’t find any fundamental difference between women and men in their physiological patterns. For both sexes, the physical response to sexual stimulation was described by four phases and the two basic physiological processes involved are vasocongestion and myotonia. Their research was limited by a bias in the participants chosen and a reduction of sexual activity to physiological responses and the omission of sexual desire, attraction, and emotions. |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of the sexual response cycle? What are the major differences between males and females in these phases? |
|
Definition
The phases are excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution. Refractory period occurs only in males. Phases governed by the same physiological processes for males and females, but different anatomies dictate different physical and social consequences. There is greater individual variation in duration and intensity of orgasm in women. It is possible for women to experience multiple orgasms.
The phases are excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution. Refractory period occurs only in males. Phases governed by the same physiological processes for males and females, but different anatomies dictate different physical and social consequences. There is greater individual variation in duration and intensity of orgasm in women. It is possible for women to experience multiple orgasms. |
|
|
Term
| On which sexual behaviors and attitudes do females and males show the largest gender differences |
|
Definition
| Differ most in amount of casual sex and incidence of masturbation. Women vary more in frequency of sexual activity. Men think more about sex, have more sexual fantasies, masturbate more often, are more willing to initiate sex, make sacrifices for sex, and are less willing to give up sex. Both sexes do not differ in frequency of desire but rather the kinds of activity desired. Men have more sexual urges and masturbatory fantasies. Women place more emphasis on committed relationships as context for sexuality; men for need and pleasure. |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of masturbation for females? How might masturbation have a negative impact on sexual intercourse for males? |
|
Definition
| Females obtain a comfort and knowledge of their bodies. Masturbation may turn sex into a goal-focused activity in which the final goal is always an orgasm. This reduces sexual activity to physiological responses without sexual desire, attraction, and emotions. These “sexual scripts” limit sexuality and are a source of grief. |
|
|
Term
| Are the differences between males and females as regards their attitudes toward casual sex due to differences in enjoyment of sex? |
|
Definition
| No, there are dangers to females from casual sex – pregnancy, STDs. Through socialization, female sexuality is suppressed. Within our culture, there are negative views of sexually active women. Women are more likely to have sex for emotional reasons, men for physical reasons. Women may be concerned for their reputation considering they are supposed to be able to control themselves and may also fear sexual violence. There is an androcentric focus of these studies. Women learn to inhibit their sexual responses; reflection of greater power and status of men in society. Women also do not necessarily receive the most pleasure from vaginal intercourse. |
|
|
Term
| What are some explanations for different attitudes toward casual sex? |
|
Definition
| There are dangers for females (danger of violence, pregnancy and socially unacceptable usually). Female sexuality suppressed (taught to internalize their sexual thoughts and responses). Negative views of sexually active females (may play more a role in a female saying no to sex than having the desire to have sex, have trouble letting go of inhibition once in a committed relationship). Sex for love (women might not enjoy it as much for the sex than for the emotional reasons). Women more likely to have sex for emotional reasons (like thinking about emotional part of it too, intimacy, cuddling, etc), men for physical reasons (physical gratification, etc). The attitude disappears with age (these reasons and differences disappear). |
|
|
Term
| How are studies of sexual behavior androcentric? |
|
Definition
| They are by the fact that studies are not defined as in what pleases a woman, for example vaginal sex might not be as gratifying to women than other things, studies do not focus on what females like and their sexual behaviors and tendencies. |
|
|
Term
| Do kids engage in sexual exploration? Does who they explore with indicate their sexual orientation as adults? Is sexual exploration generally harmful? |
|
Definition
| Yes they do. Who they explore does not indicate their sexual orientation as adults, many kids are just curious they play “doctor” and such, they play with both sexes and even with siblings. Sexual exploring is not harming, it is how parents deal with their kids exploring and having wonders about it that can be harmful in the end. |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes the sexual behavior of those who take virginity pledges? |
|
Definition
| They usually participate in other types of sexual experiences just not actual vaginal intercourse, but a lot of oral and such. They usually end up having sex later then people who do not pledge. They have higher ratings of oral and anal intercourse than other people who have vaginal intercourse. And they usually end up having vaginal intercourse before marriage and have same rate of STI’s. |
|
|
Term
| How do males and females respond differently on average to their first sexual intercourse? |
|
Definition
Motives – love, curiosity, desire (most people have the same reasons for having sex for the first time, women are more likely to engage because of affection, and men more likely to engage because of curiosity).
Contraceptive use (31% of people who engaged in their first intercourse did not use contraceptives).
Different reactions (males tend to have more positive reactions, and females more negative reactions (most frequently disappointment)). |
|
|
Term
| Are abstinence only sexual education programs generally effective? |
|
Definition
| (Programs that tend to have information about sex and hand out condoms, etc tend to have higher rate of success than abstinence only programs a lot in the U.S.). |
|
|
Term
| How does the teen pregnancy rate in the US compare to that of other developed countries? |
|
Definition
| High rate in U.S. (one of the highest ones of all developed countries, teens in the U.S have sex just as teens in Europe, just U.S. more likely to get pregnant, not use contraceptives, and have abortions, teen parenting causes a lot of stress for both parties, tned to not graduate from high school, gay teens are more likely to get pregnant or father a child then heterosexual males to prove they are men). |
|
|
Term
| Do people who have more partners have sex more frequently? T |
|
Definition
| They usually have sex several times a month, so no they do not. |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes sex in monogamous relationships in terms of frequency and satisfaction? |
|
Definition
once a week (tend to have it this much)
more frequent, satisfying sex (report this |
|
|
Term
| Who is more satisfied with marital sex? Why might this difference exist? |
|
Definition
women slightly less satisfied (with marital sex than do men).
Communication (women might not communicate that well or not know what to say). |
|
|
Term
| Are there differences between females and males regarding frequency and types of sexual activity desired? |
|
Definition
| Females do not have sex as frequently as males, and women may want to try more types of sexual experiences than men, sometimes don’t just want vaginal intercourse |
|
|
Term
| What sexual activities are most commonly engaged in by lesbian and gay couples? |
|
Definition
Lesbian most likely to engage in mutual masturbation and oral sex, gays most likely to engage in mutual masturbation and oral sex.
Is it rare for heter |
|
|
Term
| Is it rare for heterosexual people to have had homosexual experiences? |
|
Definition
| Not much, especially for women, mostly when they are curious. Fantasy is 1/3% of males and females have fantasized about same sex experiences. |
|
|
Term
|
How does sexuality change over the lifespan? |
|
Definition
Females – more enjoyment
Males – broader appreciation
Threats
Erections (not as often as used to, longer to get one).
Attractiveness (women seen as less attractive as they get older). |
|
|
Term
| What evidence indicates that the sexuality of females is more fluid and changeable? |
|
Definition
Female sexuality more malleable? (they go for longer than men and then can go longer without it).
Frequency (women do not have sex as frequently as men).
Attitude/behavior consistency (more likely for having sex when they do not feel like it and not having sex when they do feel like it).
Changing sexual orientation (25% women identifying themselves as lesbians have changed within 5 years of having relationships, most have had sexual relationship with a male, women have more latitude to explore more than males.)
Sexual arousal to different partner combinations (women have similar gentile arousal no matter the range of people nor their orientation for on the screen pornographic type material, males arousal with men and women or both women on screen). |
|
|
Term
| How do cultures vary regarding sexual norms and sources of arousal? |
|
Definition
hey differ by many things, sexual norms are different in different cultures and arousal is different too. Sexual freedom is more allowed and look upon favorably in some cultures and vaginal intercourse in certain cultures is not favored. Examples of these kinds of differences are: Lepcha, Keraki, and
Sambia: |
|
|
Term
One classical illustration of how sexuality and cultural meanings about sex may vary is provided by Herdt and Stoller’s study of the Sambia from Papua New Guinea. Sambia sexual culture is organized around complex male homoerotic practices involving adults and young males in the context of initiation rites. The common sense widespread conception of sex as “ drive” that naturally attracts men to women and vice-versa would portray Sambia society as plagued by homosexuality and paedophilia. But, as analysed by Costa (1996) through the careful ethnography preformed by these authors Sambia sexual practices emerge as something entirely different:
Among the Sambia male semen is the principle of life. However because it is scarce, [semen] must be produced and distributed through rigid rules. Following the authors, [human] subjects function as objects that serve the production, transportation, accumulation and transformation of this element, which is seen as being responsible for the perpetuation of life and culture. The categories of sexuality among the Sambia are entirely different from ours. The idea of sex as something that is, at the same time, common and distinctive of all sexual practices does not exist. The Sambia do not have a word to name what we call sex as meaning something that would be more abstract and general than different arrays of sexual acts. What orders sexual practices among subjects is semen as the principle of life and not the idea of sex as such.
The argument can be made that the meaning attributed to semen among the Sambia is connected with the valuing of male fluids in detriment of female body secretions or attributes. But this should not disqualify the understanding elaborated by these authors with respect to the variation in the meaning and interpretation of sexual practices across different cultures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mangai:a (an island in the South Pacific): adolescents have, sex every night, both males and females are instructed by, their older partners, it is expected that each youth have around three orgasms per night. The general expectation for all people who live here: many partners all through one's life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is coercive sexuality? |
|
Definition
| Use of manipulation or force, expression of power and domination |
|
|
Term
| How is rape defined? About how many females and males will have this experience in the US? |
|
Definition
Saying no or being unable to say yes
One of the most under-reported crimes
¼ stranger rapes and 1/30 acquaintance rapes
Rate
Common
approximately 1/6 women , 1/33 men |
|
|
Term
| How does the experience of rape differ for males and females? |
|
Definition
Gender of victim
Males more stigmatized, even less likely to report it
Women more likely to be injured, more traumatized |
|
|
Term
| How common are false accusations of rape according to the FBI? Where do those who claim that 50% of reported rapes are false obtain this figure and why is it flawed? |
|
Definition
8%.
Some men’s organizations - 50% (rely on police statistics regarding unfounded reports, which include cases wherein police decide that there is not enough evidence to proceed). |
|
|
Term
| How are statistics regarding false reports misleading considering how common it is for rapes to go unreported? Loosely speaking, for every false report of rape, how many actual rapes occur? |
|
Definition
| Assuming 1/10 false and 2/3 not reported, for every false report there are at least 29 true rapes |
|
|
Term
What is more common, stranger rape or acquaintance rape? Which do women fear more? Which is more likely to be reported, prosecuted, and convicted?
How does the rate of rape on college campuses differ from the average? What are the chances that a woman will be raped during college according to the Department of Justice (2000)? |
|
Definition
Date rape/Acquaintance rape
More fear of stranger rapes, but acquaintance rapes much more common (about 68% of rapes and attempted rapes).
Less likely to be seen as rape by victims
Less likely to be reported, prosecuted, less likely to result in conviction
Date rape drugs – memory, paralyzing, unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, colorless, tasteless
College Females
higher rates
As high as 27.5% college women experienced rape or attempted rape (1994)
27% experienced some kind of unwanted sexual activity during the time they have been on campus (2006)
Female has 1/4 - 1/5 chance of being raped while in college (Dept. of Justice, 2000)
intoxicated women particularly targeted(when women drunk they deserved it or wanted it, men that rape when drunk they didn’t mean it, it is seen as an excuse).
often not reported
negative impact (women drop out of college, drop of self-esteem and confidence). |
|
|
Term
| What factors are correlated with a male's self-reported willingness to commit rape? |
|
Definition
Percentage of those who indicate they would rape under some conditions range from 17% - 60%
College students estimated 45% of males would rape if no consequences and that 32% of females would enjoy it.
Of the same students, 51% of males reported they themselves would rape if no consequences, but only 2% of females reported any likelihood that they would enjoy it.
1/10 college men report past behavior that met definition of rape.
Correlates
WHY?
Males may not recognize their behavior as coercive or aggressive.
Different interpretations of flirting and friendliness
Socialization
Males encouraged to be sexually aggressive and emotionally detached, reinforced for coercive behavior
Females encouraged to be passive
Males expected to initiate activity, risk rejection
Women objectified , portrayed as less than human, there for the taking, inferior
Males learn to focus on own pleasure
Entitlement
Sex and violence linked in our culture
Sexually Explicit Materials |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of college men admitted to past behavior that met the defenition of rape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is rape common in all societies? What characterizes societies that have low rates of rape? |
|
Definition
| No, rape is not universal- it is not common in all societies. societies that have low rates of rape are egalitarian, lack agression and are societeis where women are valued for wisdom and skills, not sexuality. |
|
|
Term
| How are males and females socialized in a way that might promote rape? |
|
Definition
| males are encourged to be sexually aggressive and emotionally detatched They are reinforced for coerceive behvaior and expected to initiate activity and risk rejection. They learn to focus on their own pleasure, which can make them feel like it is their right to rape. Women are expected t be passive and are objectified. They can be viewed as there for the taking |
|
|
Term
| What have experiments revleaded regarding the effects of exposure to sexualyy violent material? |
|
Definition
| increased acceptance of rape, myths, violence agaisnt women, increased tolerance for rapists, increased rape fantasies, decreased support for human rights, inceased acceptance of female submission and of seduction of a 12 year olf girl. Increase in aggressive behavior towards women. In the re-enactment of a rape trial people are less likely to sympathize with the victim and will recommend sentences half as long as the control group |
|
|
Term
| what have interviews with convicted rapists reveladed about their relationships and motivations for the crime? |
|
Definition
| convicted rapists are able to form relationships with women. they say they committed the rape bc they were mad at wife o gf and believe that men have the right to treat women violently and thye picked victims based on vulnerability not physical appearance. |
|
|
Term
| what characteristics found to be common among rapists? |
|
Definition
| family histories similar to felons, able to form realtionship with women, angry and hostile toward women in genreal and desire to hurt, dominate and humuliate their victims and have a sense of entitlement |
|
|
Term
| do most rape victims get tests for STI in ER? do most get emergency contrep? |
|
Definition
| no , 42 pecent of rape victims not tested STI and 80 epercent not offered emergency contrap |
|
|
Term
| Approx what percentage of reported rapes lead to conviction in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by blaming the victim? |
|
Definition
| people focus on what victimdid wrong-sexual history in court room and what clothing she was wearing when raped. |
|
|
Term
| what characterizes media reports on rape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is problematic in urging women not to walk alone at night? |
|
Definition
| it makes it seem like its the womans fault for walking alone when really it is the mans fault of course |
|
|
Term
| Where do women face the most risk of sexual assault? what percentage of completed on campus rapes take place in victims living quarters? in frats? |
|
Definition
| women face most risk in own home. 60 percent of on campus rapes took place in living quartedrs and 10 percent at frat |
|
|
Term
| how does sexual assault and rape influence victims? |
|
Definition
| causs PTSD, relationshup pblobems, dissociation bt body and sexuality, injury, sTI preg |
|
|
Term
| how does the rate of sexual abuse differ for boys and girls who is most likely to abuse girls? boys? |
|
Definition
Sexual Abuse of Children
Kid with someone at least 5 years older
Teen with adult at least 10 years older
Abusers usually known to kids
Girls more often victims and at younger ages than boys
Age 10-13 at highest risk
Abusers of girls 94-100% male, abusers of boys 60-84% male
Abuse by women
Most common type – step-fathers and mom’s boyfriends
17% stepdaughters abused by step-dads
Long-term consequences
Affects boys and girls similarly
Incest
female kids more often victimized by adult males than are male kids by adult males or females
4-12% of women report sexual contact with adult male relative, 1/100 with father
Boys much more likely to be victimized by males than females |
|
|
Term
| 1) Are acts of minor violence related to more serious violence?: |
|
Definition
The violence usually increases in severity over time, becoming so dangerous that in one-third of the cases the victim must seek medical treatment for her injuries. Eventually the woman may try to leave the relationship but often returns. minor acts of violence often escalate, she tries to calm him, or she changes her behavior to avoid
upsetting him, but then comes violent explosion followed by calm period (it is a cycle) |
|
|
Term
| 2) What are some factors related to why women stay in abusive relationships? |
|
Definition
some factors are that she has no where to go or feels too frightened and inadequate to make it on her own. Many believe that the woman must be masochistic, but the reasons for staying in violent relationship has more to do with situationally determined issues of power and control in the family than personality dispositions.
ex's: lack of external resources: no monetary resources to draw on, no way to protect oneself against violent retaliation from her husband if he comes after her, no friends or family who can help her, and no accessible shelter for battered woman. moreover, her sense of self-confidence has been drained by the relationship bc physically abusive husbands are usually verbally abusive as well, and wives often endure long strings of insults about their competence, appearance, and sexuality along with the beatings. her sense of self confidence has been drained by the beatings all these factors conspire to place abused woman at huge power disadv |
|
|
Term
| 3) When is a female at risk of most extreme violence and murder by her partner? |
|
Definition
| female is at risk of most extreme violence and murder by partner when she seeks freedom and restraining orders are n |
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to intiate break up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who tends to experience greater financial hardship after divorce? Why? |
|
Definition
| women experience greater financial hardship, decline in resources and well being after divorce |
|
|
Term
| 6) How does having children influence marital satisfaction for females and males? |
|
Definition
| It decreases marital satisfaction for both men and women. |
|
|
Term
How do males and females compare regarding how much time they spend with their kids and the activities they engage in with their kids?
women:mother more likely to be found feeding, changing, dressing, cleaning baby/child. |
|
Definition
| males:married fathers spend average of 1.16 hours per day with children for children under 6 and 22 minutes per day in children age 6 to 17. They are more likely to be found playing with baby/child |
|
|
Term
| ) How is family structure influenced by the sex of the first-born child? |
|
Definition
| Families with the first born child being male more likely to stay together. Fathers tend to spend more time with child as grows older in cases in which the child is male and father becomes involved in particularly "masculine" aspects of socialization such as sporting activities. |
|
|
Term
| Do kids raised by gay/lesbian couples differ from kids raised by heterosexual couples? |
|
Definition
| one reviewer notes that not a single study has found children of gay or lesbian parents to be disadvantaged in any way relative to the children of heterosexual parents. No more likely to have difficulty wit gender identity, gender-role acquisition, homosexuality, although they may be less constrained by gender roles. Show no difference in emotional disturbance, self-concept, locus of control, moral maturity, intelligence, peer relations, social relations with adults, or other measure of cognitive functioning and behavioral adjustment. |
|
|
Term
| 10) Who tends to have better parenting skills in terms of gender and sexual orientation? In what way? |
|
Definition
| Lesbians may have better parenting skills than heterosexual solutions |
|
|
Term
Why are females more likely to survive difficult conditions than males?
*starvation, exposure, fatigue, shock |
|
Definition
| Women are simply better fit biologically to withstand cold and famine than men," Dr. Grayson concluded. "They are smaller, with 17 percent less body mass on average than men, so they need less food to survive. They have nearly twice the percentage of body fat -- roughly 27 percent whereas men have only 15 percent. And more of a woman's body fat is subcutaneous -- right beneath the skin. It has a poor blood supply, which makes it an excellent insulator. If you put men and women out in the cold, the women will do better."Women, on the other hand, are designed to have children, and what adapts them to have kids enables them to deal better with deprivation," he concluded. Even though the women and young girls in the Willie Handcart Company did their share of pushing and pulling the carts and often also carried their young children, the female advantages in conserving body heat and energy fostered their survival, the anthropologist maintains.He believes that because women bear the children, biology has better equipped them to survive environmental challenges like cold and famine. And it is hard to imagine much greater challenges than those faced by parties of migrating settlers stranded in winter in isolated mountain passes. Dr. Grayson has studied two such migrating parties to see just who lived and who died |
|
|
Term
| hat is the influence of training and experience on sex differences in physical and athletic feats? |
|
Definition
| men generally out-perform women, but differences in many sports are decreasing. Research shows that young woman without special training are more able to do strenuous work, expending 2,369 calories for 8 1/2 hours. |
|
|
Term
| Are there any sporting events in which females can outperform males? |
|
Definition
| in events that require endurance and speed. ex. ultra-marathon. and speed record for swimming the english channel in both directions. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of workplace fatalities are male? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gender has a shorter lifespan? Is this difference observed cross-culturally? |
|
Definition
| males have a shorter lifespan in most developed and undeveloped countries(cross culturally) |
|
|
Term
| What gender has a shorter lifespan? Is this difference observed cross-culturally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 18) What is the relationship between poverty and health? |
|
Definition
*in general poor more vulnerable to illness, disabilities. People classified as "poor" in the United States are 3 more times more likely than people who are not poor to report that their health is only fair or poor and poor people are more than 2 1/2 times more likely than people who are not poor to suffer from limitations of activity caused by chronic health condt
conditions. |
|
|
Term
| which has shortest life span? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by “the feminization of poverty”? |
|
Definition
| his is bc in US 11.8 percent of men and 14.8 percent of women live below the poverty line. |
|
|
Term
| What demographic group is most likely to be living in poverty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is most likely to have health insurance? |
|
Definition
men more likely to have health insurance
women and children less likely to have heath insurance, woman less likely to have jobs that offer health insurance and are are more likely to lose health insurance upon divorce, |
|
|
Term
| Who is more resistant to infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 23) Why are men less likely to seek social support and health care? |
|
Definition
| *social-constuctionist: men may actively construct meanings of masculinity without certain potential help-seeking situation |
|
|
Term
| Why do females tend to see doctors more often than males? How might this influence their mortality and illness rates? |
|
Definition
| women are more socialized to seek help and treatment and pay attention to and deal directly with symptoms of illness bc mothers have traditionally taken primary responsibility for health care in families. |
|
|
Term
| How does gender of doctor influence the health care that females and males receive? |
|
Definition
| 70 percent of physicians are male and female physical symptoms are therefor more likely attributed to psychological/emotional causes.. females are more likely to have tests ordered for them by female doctors than male doctors |
|
|
Term
| Why are unmarried men at higher risk for mental health problems than unmarried women? |
|
Definition
| b/c of social support: unmarried women have group of friends to vent to , but unmarried men do not use group of friends to "vent" |
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to be prescribed drugs? Who is more likely to abuse prescription drugs? |
|
Definition
| women more likely to be prescribed drugs and women more likely to abuse drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Who is more depressed? Who is more likely to attempt suicide? Who is more likely to die from a suicide attempt? |
|
Definition
| Women are more depressed and more likely to attempt suicide (men more likely to succeed at suicide) |
|
|
Term
| How do males and females differ in how they cope with depression? |
|
Definition
men: engage in activities to distract themselves, which might de,pend and short it.
women: reflect on their depression, and think about its cause and implications. this might amplify and prolong it |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between depression and alcohol use? |
|
Definition
| Male relatives of alcoholics show increased rates of alcoholism, female relatives show higher rate of depression. women - depressed and men turn to the bottle |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between sexual abuse and drug and alcohol use? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol abuse/drug abuse in women associated with sexual abuse |
|
|
Term
| How deadly is anorexia compared to other psychological disorders? |
|
Definition
| anorexia has the highest mortality rate of all other psychological disorder |
|
|
Term
| What is anorexia nervosa? What is bulimia nervosa? Compare/contrast. |
|
Definition
anorexia: 15 percent below body weight, fear of being overweight, distorted body image, low self-esteem, perfectionism, depression, anxiety. parents usually perfectionist and overprotective
bulimia nervosa: cycle of binge/purge. normal or slightly overweight, fear of being overweight, starts in late adolescence or early adulthood, depressed an anxious |
|
|
Term
| Are standards of beauty culturally constructed? |
|
Definition
| yes. harvard anthropologist noted that obsession with thinness characterizes eating disorder is fueled by cultural notions of attractiveness |
|
|
Term
| ow does the media contribute to unrealistic body image and body dissatisfaction? |
|
Definition
| this image contributes to obsession with thickness which is unrealistic. Before introduction of tv in fiji big was considered d beautiful, and going thin was sign of emotional problems and after tv, Melrose place , ER, and BEverly hill 90210, teenage girls at risk for eating disorders more than doubled. |
|
|
Term
| How do children perceive their body size compared to the ideal? |
|
Definition
| 60 percent of female adolescents are dissatisfied with their body |
|
|
Term
| Who is more prone to anxiety disorders in general |
|
Definition
| More common/prone to in women |
|
|
Term
| What might explain why women are generally more satisfied and happy than men? |
|
Definition
| could be that women do not compare themselves to men when they assess their satisfaction. That they have lower expectations than mend do and more easily satisfied. or that women are more attuned to the satisfactions as well as the concerns in their lives. |
|
|
Term
| How does the experience of rape differ for males and females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How common are false accusations of rape according to the FBI? where do those who claim that 50 percent of reported rapes are false obtain this figure and why is it flawed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are statistics regarding false reports misleading considering how common it is for rapes to go underreported? Loosely speaking, for every false rape report, how many rapes actually occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is more common - stranger or acquaintance rape? Which do women fear more and which is more likely to be reported, prosecuted ,convicted. How does th rate of rape on college campuses differ from the average? What are the chances that a woman will be raped during college according to the Department of Justice (2000) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do male and female same-gender friendships differ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who self-discloses to who? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do friendships differences vary by race and cultre? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might male-male friendships be less intimate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whose friendships tend to last longer and why |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whose friendships tend to last longer and why |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are females and males similar in regards to the qualities they look for in a partner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who tends to be more romantic and ready to fall in love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a difference in the emotional involvement of males and females in dating relationships? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cohabitation have on relationship quality and endurance? what circumstance eliminates this effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who reporets a greater deisre to marry among single epople over age 30? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did people start to expect to marry for love? why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of marraige on physical and ental health for males and females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of couple has least relationship sat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors are related to marital satisfaction? to disssat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equity in relationships is the extent to which the ratio of each partner's contributions to rewards is seen as equal. |
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to be satisfied with their relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do females and males have different standards for their relationships? Whos standards are less likely to be met? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do males and females iffer in their influence on each other's marital sat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of couple reports greater levels of intimacy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of couple reports greater levels of intimacy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors are associated with power in a relationship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the principle of least interest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does marital satisfaciton relate to power differences in a realtionship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amt and type of housework done differ bt females and males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does marraige, kids and adult kids living in the home influence the amt of housework done by males, females. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the amount and type of houseqork done differ bt females and males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does marital satisfaction relate to power in a relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the principle of least interest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does marital satisfaction relate to power differences in a relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the amount and type of housewok done differ bt females and males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does marraige kids and adult kids livig in the home influence the amt of housework done by males, females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the amt of household labor done by males and females affecte by education, race and oreintation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does status at work influence the amount of householf labor a males does? who shows a stronger stress response during conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to start a discussion about conflict? Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of couple is better at addressing conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest cauge of injury and death to woen worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of female and male victims are killed by an intimate partner? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is domestic abuse common in all societies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do power relationships in marraiges influence the likelehood of domestic violence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| about how many incidents of domestic abuse are reported? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is more likely to sustain serious injury and more distress as a rsult of domestic abuse? how often must females seek medical attention for their injuries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is common couples violence? intimate/patriachial terrorism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what characterizes abusers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more satisfied in marraige |
|
|
