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Definition
| any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate, and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei |
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| a nitrogen-containing molecule with basic properties |
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| an electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom in one polar molecule (as of water) and a small electronegative atom (as of oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in usually another molecule of the same or a different polar substance |
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| characterized by the capacity for precise pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases between strands of DNA and sometimes RNA such that the structure of one strand determines the other |
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| the action or process of reproducing or duplicating |
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| the process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template with resulting transfer of genetic information to the messenger RNA |
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| an RNA produced by transcription that carries the code for a particular protein from the nuclear DNA to a ribosome in the cytoplasm and acts as a template for the formation of that protein |
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| a relatively small RNA that transfers a particular amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation |
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| RNA that is a fundamental structural element of ribosomes |
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| a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis |
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| a triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome |
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| the process of forming a protein molecule at a ribosomal site of protein synthesis from information contained in messenger RNA |
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| a molecular chain of amino acids |
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| the chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen in a peptide linkage |
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| a product of living cells that circulates in body fluids (as blood) or sap and produces a specific often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells usually remote from its point of origin |
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| the observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment |
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| an inherited characteristic |
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| a relatively permanent change in hereditary material involving either a physical change in chromosome relations or a biochemical change in the codons that make up genes |
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| the absence of a section of genetic material from a gene or chromosome |
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| direct chemical combination of substances into a single product |
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| a chemical reaction in which one or more atoms or groups in a molecule are replaced by equivalent atoms or groups to form at least two products; especially : the replacement of hydrogen in an organic compound by another element or group |
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| being or relating to a set or to an element of a set each of whose elements has equal probability of occurrence |
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| developing without apparent external influence, force, cause, or treatment |
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| a substance (as a chemical or various radiations) that tends to increase the frequency or extent of mutation |
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| a mature male or female germ cell usually possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of initiating formation of a new diploid individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex |
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| energy radiated in the form of waves or particles |
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| having the same relative position, value, or structure |
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| one of the usually paired and parallel strands of a duplicated chromosome joined by a single centromere |
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| the point or region on a chromosome to which the spindle attaches during mitosis and meiosis |
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Definition
| the action or process of reproducing or duplicating |
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| formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair |
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Definition
| relating to, caused by, or controlled by genes :divergence in one or more characteristics of an organism or biotype from those typical of or usual for its group |
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| an interchange of genes or segments between homologous chromosomes |
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| failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate subsequent to metaphase in meiosis or mitosis so that one daughter cell has both and the other neither of the chromosomes |
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| having the gametic number of chromosomes or half the number characteristic of somatic cells |
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| having the basic chromosome number doubled |
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| the process of union of two gametes whereby the somatic chromosome number is restored and the development of a new individual is initiated |
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| a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material |
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| any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given locus |
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| being the one of a pair of bodily structures that is the more effective or predominant in action |
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| producing little or no phenotypic effect when occurring in heterozygous condition with a contrasting allele |
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| an n × n square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross |
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| an individual or strain heterozygous for one specified gene |
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Definition
| the observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment |
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| all or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group |
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| having the two genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes identical for one or more loci |
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| having the two genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes different for one or more loci |
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| the property of being expressed or inherited as a semidominant gene or trait |
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| being fully expressed in the heterozygous condition |
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| of, relating to, or resulting from polygenes |
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| the capacity of a species or strain of microorganism to survive exposure to a toxic agent (as a drug) formerly effective against it due to genetic mutation and selection for and accumulation of genes conferring protection from the agent especially as a result of overuse of the agent which selectively destroys individual microorganisms lacking the protective genes |
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| a chromosome other than a sex chromosome |
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| a chromosome (as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans) of a sexually reproducing eukaryotic organism that is directly concerned with the inheritance of sex, that contains the genes governing the inheritance of various sex-linked and sex-limited characters, and that is represented differently in the two sexes either by being present in one and not the other or by being present a different number of times in one sex compared to the other |
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| located in a sex chromosome |
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| the chromosomal characteristics of a cell |
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| the surgical insertion of a hollow needle through the abdominal wall and into the uterus of a pregnant female to obtain amniotic fluid especially to examine the fetal chromosomes for an abnormality and for the determination of sex |
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| an unborn or unhatched vertebrate especially after attaining the basic structural plan of its kind |
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| a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis |
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| any or all of several fat-soluble vitamins chemically related to steroids, essential for normal bone and tooth structure, and found especially in fish-liver oils, egg yolk, and milk or produced by activation |
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Definition
| a crystalline vitamin C19H19N7O6 of the B complex that is required for normal production of red blood cells, that is used especially in the treatment of nutritional anemias, and that occurs especially in green leafy vegetables, liver, kidneys, dried beans, and mushrooms |
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Definition
| any of various abnormal conditions characterized by the secretion and excretion of excessive amounts of urine |
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| a protein hormone that is synthesized in the pancreas from proinsulin and secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues, by promoting its conversion into glycogen, fatty acids, and triglycerides, and by reducing the release of glucose from the liver, and that when produced in insufficient quantities results in diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| a metabolic disorder that is caused by an enzyme deficiency resulting in the accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites (as phenylpyruvic acid) in the blood and their excess excretion in the urine, that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and that causes usually severe mental retardation, seizures, eczema, and abnormal body odor unless phenylalanine is restricted from the diet beginning at birth |
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Definition
| electrophoresis in which molecules (as proteins and nucleic acids) migrate through a gel and especially a polyacrylamide gel and separate into bands according to size |
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Definition
| any of various enzymes that cleave DNA into fragments at specific sites in the interior of the molecule and are often used as tools in molecular analysis |
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Definition
| genetically engineered DNA usually incorporating DNA from more than one species of organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein hormone that is synthesized in the pancreas from proinsulin and secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues, by promoting its conversion into glycogen, fatty acids, and triglycerides, and by reducing the release of glucose from the liver, and that when produced in insufficient quantities results in diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| one haploid set of chromosomes with the genes they contain |
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Definition
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Definition
| a branch of biotechnology concerned with applying the techniques of genetics and molecular biology to the genetic mapping and DNA sequencing of sets of genes or the complete genomes of selected organisms using high-speed methods, with organizing the results in databases, and with applications of the data (as in medicine or biology) |
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Definition
| the insertion of usually genetically altered genes into cells especially to replace defective genes in the treatment of genetic disorders or to provide a specialized disease-fighting function |
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| genetically-modified organisms |
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Definition
| a bacterium of the genus Fusobacterium (F. nucleatum synonym F. fusiforme) and a spirochete of the genus Treponema (T. vincentii synonym Borrelia vincentii) that are sometimes found in necrotic tissue (as that of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or tropical ulcer)that has been changed by genes |
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Definition
| an unspecialized cell that gives rise to differentiated cells |
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