Term
| What are the life-threatening levels of serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Serum potassium does, or does not reflect K+ stores? |
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Definition
| Serum potassium does reflect K+ stores. |
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Term
| What are the 3 general mechanisms of potassium loss? |
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Definition
| (1) urinary loss, (2) gastrointestinal loss, and (3) movement of K+ from the extracellular to the intracellular space. |
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Term
| Renal failure will do what to serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemolysis of blood specimen or thrombocytosis causes what kind of shift in serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Addison's disease increases or decreases serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidosis will reveal what change in serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the drugs spironolactone, triamterene, and ACE inhibitors affect serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the conditions of dehydration, hemolysis and massive tissue damage affect serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does chronic pyelonephritis and renal tubular acidosis affect serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does metabolic alkalosis (primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome) affect serum potassium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycosuria, mannitol, or lactulose use, urea and excess sweating is associated with what serum sodium level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes insipidus (central and nephrogenic), is associated with what serum sodium level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Administration of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate, Cushing syndrome and hyperaldosteronism is associated with what serum sodium level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nephrotic syndrome, CHF, cirrhosis and renal failure is associated with what serum sodium level? |
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Definition
| Decreased r/t excess total body sodium and water. |
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Term
| SIADH [small-cell lung cancer; pulmonary disease including TB, lung cancer, pneumonia; CNS disease including trauma, tumors, and infections; perioperative stress; drugs including SSRIs and ACE inhibitors; and aftermath of colonoscopy] is associated with what sodium levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, psychogenic polydipsia, beer potomania is associated with what serum sodium level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mineralocorticoid deficiency, vomiting, diarrhea and pancreatitis are associated with what serum sodium level? |
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Definition
| Decreased total body water and sodium. |
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Term
| Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and multiple myeloma is associated with what serum sodium level? |
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Definition
| Decreased - pseudohyponatremia. |
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Term
| What's the normal range for serum chloride? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diarrhea, RTA (renal tubular acidosis), mineralcorticoid deficiency, hyperalimentation, and medications such as acetazolamide and ammonium chloride correlate with what serum chloride level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vomiting, DM with ketoacidosis, mineralcorticoid excess, renal disease with sodium loss all are associated with what serum chloride level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal serum range for bicarbonate, HCO3? |
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Definition
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Term
| A decreased HCO3 level is associated with what metabolic state? |
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Definition
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Term
| An increased HCO3 level is associated with what metabolic state? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what daily rate does BUN increase if renal function is absent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is a better measure of renal function, serum creatinine or BUN? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoglycosides, diuretics, lithium, corticosteroids can all do what to the serum BUN level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dehydration, GI bleeding and decreased renal blood flow (shock, CHF, MI) can all do what to the serum BUN level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and diabetic nephropathy can all do what to the serum BUN level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What serum BUN lab value is associated with the third trimester of pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Liver disease, poor nutrition and overhydration can all do what to the serum BUN level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the normal Bicarbonate (HCO3) level for a venous blood sample? |
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Definition
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Term
| What compensated respiratory state is associated with increased serum bicarbonate? |
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Definition
| Compensation in respiratory acidosis. |
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Term
| What compensated respiratory state is associated with decreased serum bicarbonate? |
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Definition
| Compensation in respiratory alkalosis. |
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Term
| What's the normal serum creatinine for men? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the normal serum creatinine for women? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the normal serum creatinine range for children? |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal failure (prerenal, renal, or postrenal obstruction or medication-induced [aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, others]), gigantism, acromegaly, and the ingestion of red meat are all associated with what serum creatinine level? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. Serum creatinine levels are clinically useful estimates of GFR. |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, SCr _______ with each 50% reduction in GFR. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of result will DKA give serum creatinine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Severe liver disease contributes to what kind of serum creatinine level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gout, renal failure, destruction of massive amounts of nucleoproteins (leukemia, anemia, chemotherapy, toxemia of PRG), drugs (especially diuretics), lactic acidosis, hypothyroidism, PCKD, parathyroid diseases are all associated with what kind of uric acid level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Uricosuric drugs (salicylates, probenecid, allopurinol), Wilson’s disease, Fanconi’s syndrome are all associated with what kind of uric acid level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the normal range for serum uric acid for men and for women? |
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Definition
| Men: 3.4-8 mg/dL; Women: 2.4-6 mg/dL |
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Term
| Thiazide diuretics, diuretics and renal failure are all associated with what type of serum uric acid level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a rare recessive disorder with a poor prognosis, characterized by pancytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia, and patchy brown skin discoloration due to deposition of melanin, as well as multiple congenital anomalies of the musculoskeletal and genitourinary systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| Malnutrition, excess vitamin D ingestion, pernicious anemia, Wilson disease, hypothyroidism, and zinc deficiency are all associated with what alkaline phosphatase level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal adult serum alkaline phosphatase level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal child serum alkaline phosphatase level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy and drug-induced states are the most common causes of what kind of serum calcium level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mnemonic for hypercalcemia and what does it stand for? |
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Definition
| VITAMINS TRAP; V= Vitamins A and D, I= Immobilization, T= Thyrotoxicosis, A= Addison's disease; M= Milk-alkali syndrome; I= Inflammatory disorders; N= Neoplastic disease; S= Sarcoidosis; T= Thiazides and other drugs; R= Rhabdomyolysis; A= AIDS; P= Paget's disease; Parenteral Nutrition= Parathyroid disease. |
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Term
| What disease is described as a nonmetabolic disease of bone characterized by repeated episodes of osteolysis and excessive attempts at repair that results in a weakened bone of increased mass (Monostotic (solitary lesion) and polyostotic (numerous lesions) disease are both described). |
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Definition
| Paget's disease of the bone. |
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Term
| Describe the lab values in primary hyperparathyroidism using calcium, phosphorus, chloride, PTH and hematocrit (and urinary calcium) |
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Definition
| Increased calcium, decreased phosphorus, increased chloride, increased PTH, and normal hematocrit (correctly identifies primary hyperparathyroidism 98% of the time) - also increased urinary calcium. |
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Term
| What is a disorder of copper transport with inadequate biliary copper excretion, leading to an accumulation of the metal in liver, brain, kidneys, and corneas? |
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Definition
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Term
| In pts with hypoparathyroidism, the following conditions are associated with what calcium level? Postsurgical (accidental parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy); DiGeorge Syndrome, autoimmune hypoparathyroidism, infiltrative (hemosiderosis; Wilson's disease), neoplastic (metastatic), transient (neonatal), magnesium deficiency (end-organ resistance). |
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Definition
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Term
| In patients with a normal or increased PTH, the following conditions are associated with what level of serum calcium? Pseudohypoparathyroidism, familial syndrome of..., renal failure, vitamin D disorders (deficiency; liver disease; anticonvulsants), "hungry bones" (post-parathyroidectomy or post-renal transplant in renal osteodystrophy; post-thyroidectomy; post-vitamin D replacement in Rickets; increased osteoblastic activity (metastases, fluorosis); decreased osteoclastic activity (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid). |
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Definition
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Term
| The following drugs are associated with what serum calcium level? Mithramycin, biphosphonates, calcitonin; colchicine, glutethimide, estrogens, ethylene glycol poisoning. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does rhabdomyelosis contribute to hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
| The release of cellular phosphorus leads to hypocalcemia. |
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Term
| Renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism are associated with what phosphate and calcium levels? |
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Definition
| Decreased (Pearl: levels < 7 mg/dL may lead to tetany and death) |
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