Term
|
Definition
| pyruvate + NADH --> lactate + NAD |
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Term
|
Definition
| lactate + NAD --> pyruvate + NADH |
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|
Term
| predominant enzyme subunits that are present in skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
LDH, Amylase, Acid phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase,
Amino transferase (AST/SGOT),
ALT/SGPT,
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT),
CPK (creatine phosphokinase), and
Cholinesterase |
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Term
|
Definition
| made in salivary glands. attacks dietary starch,contains ptyaline. high levels in mumps, renal disease, pancreatic disease and abdominal trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
found in prostate gland
high levels in metastasizing prostate and breast cancers. found in semen |
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Term
|
Definition
found in bone
high in new bones, liver disease, bone tumor, pregnant women. |
|
|
Term
| Amino transferase (AST/SGOT) |
|
Definition
| cardiac enzyme, transfers nitrogen to both kreb's and urea cycles. high SGOT indicate heart disease, high SGOT+AST indicate liver disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| primarily high in liver disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in liver. high in obstructive liver damage in chronic alcoholics. found in semen |
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Term
|
Definition
| phosphorylates creatine into phosphocreatine. important source of energy in muscle cells. exists in isoenzyme forms as dimers MM, MB, BB |
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Term
|
Definition
| predominant in skeletal muscle. high levels after strenous exercise or trauma to muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| predominant in brain. high levels detected in brain/head trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| predominant in heart muscle. high in MI and first to rise within 2-4hs of MI. |
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Term
|
Definition
| various types present in sera. levels are decreased in individuals exposed to agricultural poisoinings (organophosphate poisons - insecticides) |
|
|
Term
| serum enyme activity after MI |
|
Definition
1. CPK rises first quickly
2. AST rises in hs, peaks in 2-3d. 1wk
3. LDH rises in 8hs, peaks in 3-4d. 2wks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T and I are probably the best MI indicators due to their sensitivity. both rise fast and remain for 5-7 days. high T levels is also indicative of renal disease, surgery, and muscle injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| injury occuring in one location of the body, but pain experienced in another location. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| neurons that travel to the motor system. largest pain fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| myelinated neurons that are very fast and phasic with amplitudes that lower after message of pain has been sent. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| both unmyelinated, C is the smallest fiber. both are tonic and have continuous pain/signal firing. |
|
|
Term
| accupuncture interrupts signals in which pain fibers? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3rd leading cause of death in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First to occur, TIA or CVA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemic: in which there's a reduction in total blood flow to the brain. hemorrhagic: rupturing of cerebral blood vessels during exercise. |
|
|
Term
| organ with the highest demand for blood at rest |
|
Definition
| brain, 20% and there are no reserves. so if blood flow is reduced, brain is threatened immediately |
|
|
Term
| arteries supplying the brain with blood |
|
Definition
| internal carotids and vertebral arteries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cerebral edema-->increased intracranial pressure-->brain infarction |
|
|
Term
| what caused autoregulation failure |
|
Definition
| vasodilation-->increased intracranial pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
hypertension*,
age,
chronic alcoholism,
smoking + oral contraceptives,
hrt disorders,
weight,
high cholesterol,
diabetes, |
|
|
Term
| how glutamate damages cells |
|
Definition
| when soln is hypotoxic, glutamate binds glutamate receptors and causes a delay. the membrane depolarizes, E reduces by 70%, Ca enter neuronal cells, protein is digested, free radicals are produced, apoptosis takes place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entire brain is affected. after 3 minutes damage is irreversible. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular lesion affecting a specific brain region only. most common site is the middle cerebral. if clotting is prevented, the brain can recover. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
MI likely after a stroke (33%) w/in 5 years of stroke.
40% partial/complete recovery
speech impairment rarely has full recovery, especially in women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anticoagulants (use only if diastolic is <100mmHg), thrombolytic agents, surgery, prophylactic intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TIA
it is acute, with focal blood flow interruptions and is indicative of impending CVA |
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Term
|
Definition
| 25% hepatic artery, 75% hepatic portal vein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| generate body heat, store glycogen, iron, fat-soluble vitamins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gluconse, urea, ketones, cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin, plasma proteins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gluconse, urea, ketones, cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin, plasma proteins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| heme to bilirubin, and drugs in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RUQ pain, jaundice, photophobia, vascular spiders, hemorrhoids and GI bleeding, anorexia, ascites, hetomegaly, splenomegaly, asterizis, systemic edema, palmar erythema, fetor hepaticas, darkening of the urine, clay-colored stools, breast enlargement in males, facial hair and balding in females, systemic hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RUQ pain, jaundice, photophobia, vascular spiders, hemorrhoids and GI bleeding, anorexia, ascites, hetomegaly, splenomegaly, asterizis, systemic edema, palmar erythema, fetor hepaticas, darkening of the urine, clay-colored stools, gynecomastia, hirsutism, systemic hypertension |
|
|
Term
| cause of systemic hypertension in liver disease |
|
Definition
| fluid retension and aldosterone build up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to fully open and flatten palm, resulting in connective tissue damage. |
|
|
Term
| problem with blood diversion in liver disease |
|
Definition
| makes liver unable to process ammonian, which can easily cross BBB. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased blood ammonia: lowered ammonia degradation, asterixis, fector hepaticas, anorexia, cerebral edema which might lead to coma. |
|
|
Term
| tx of hepatic encephalopathy |
|
Definition
| protein restricted diet, liver cleansing, use lactulose to reduce ammonia absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin shortage, inability to utilize glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high glucose-->pancrease-->high insulin-->liver-->low blood sugar-->glycogen-->low glucose |
|
|
Term
| 6th leading cause of death in US |
|
Definition
| diabetes. also leading cause of blindness and limb amputation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fasting blood glucose or
2. classic symptoms or
3.post challenge with 75mg/dl glucose load |
|
|
Term
| causes of insulin diabetes |
|
Definition
autoimmune (pancreatic beta cell death)
viral
hereditary (esp TII)
obesity |
|
|
Term
| most common form of insulin diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| groups most affected by insulin diabetes |
|
Definition
| age < 30 have TI and age > 30 tend to have TII. |
|
|
Term
| tissue most sensitive to insulin absence |
|
Definition
| muscle and adipose tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when lypolysis takes place in order to provide liver with fatty acids which are converted to ketone bodies-->ketoacids-->nausea-->anorexia |
|
|
Term
| acute complications of diabetes |
|
Definition
| hyperglycemia, dehydration, calorie loss due to muscle wasting, polydipsia, polyphasia, polyuria, blurred vision, ketoacidosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs during exercise, fasting, or insulin overdose due to reduced blood glucose. this causes catecholamine release. |
|
|
Term
| blood glucose concentration at which hypoglycemic convulsions likely to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| macrovascular diabetic complications |
|
Definition
hypertension
atherosclerosis
syndrome X |
|
|
Term
| diabetes and renal failure |
|
Definition
| diabetes is the leading cause of ESRF, and pt. usually requires dialysis or kidney transplant. both glomerular and kidney tubules are damaged. |
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