Term
| Other names for passive immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is passive immunity? |
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Definition
immune components that you are born with:
-skin/MM
-normal flora (commensal bacteria)
-lysosomes
-NK cells & perforin
-interferon
-complement |
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Term
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Definition
-triggers inflammatory cells
-tags pathogens
-lyses cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
-"natural killers"
-type of lymphocyte which attacks without stimulation
-secretes perforin
-can react within hours |
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Term
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Definition
-type of cytokine released by lymphocytes
-activates NK cells, macrophages
-protects uninfected cells
-interferes with tumor growth |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins in the blood that help antibodies clear pathogens or mark them for destruction |
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Term
| Name the three complement cascade pathways: |
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Definition
-classical
-lectin
-alternative |
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Term
| Describe the Classical Complement Cascade Pathway: |
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Definition
-acquired/adaptive
-triggered by antigen-antibody complexes |
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Term
| Describe the Lectin Complement Cascade Pathway: |
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Definition
-lectins are proteins
-they bind to carb receptors on microbes |
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Term
| Describe the Alternative Complement Cascade Pathway: |
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Definition
| -microbial surfaces activate it |
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Term
| Other names for active immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Active immunity consists of what components? Why this #? |
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Definition
-humoral
-cell-mediated
2 types of defense because pathogens can be exogenous or endogenous |
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Term
| What produces B and T cells? |
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Definition
| stem cells from the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
-Bursa of Fabricius (birds)
-bone marrow |
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Term
| Why do birds have a Bursa of Fabricius? |
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Definition
| other animals mature B cells in bone marrow, but birds have pneumatic bones |
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Term
| Where do mature B cells go? |
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Definition
| secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do T helper cells do? |
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Definition
| -activate B lymphos and macrophages to differentiate into plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| activated B cell which secretes antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| a B or T cell which has encountered a particular antigen before, and can mount of a faster, stronger response upon secondary exposure |
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Term
| Vaccination works because of what specific type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Memory cells are all ___ of one cell. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any substance or organism that stimulates the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
-AKA antigenic determinant
-marker molecule on the antigen
-the "key" to an antibody's "lock" |
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Term
| Parts of an immunoglobulin: |
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Definition
1 Fc region (constant region)
2 Fab regions (variable region) |
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Term
| Name the different immunoglobulins: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-primary immune response
-activation of complement |
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Term
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Definition
-primary secondary response
-most abundant in serum
-only one to cross placenta
-neutralize toxins/microbes
-opsonize microbes
-activate complement
-passive transfer |
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Term
| What antibody can cross the placenta and is responsible for passive transfer? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -on surface of B cells as antigen receptor in some species |
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Term
| What antibody is responsible for primary immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What antibody is the most abundant in serum? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -found in secretions (milk, tears, saliva, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| -hypersensitivity reactions (allergies, anaphylaxis, coat parasites for destructions by eos) |
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Term
| Cell-mediated immunity produces antibodies against ___ invaders. |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are part of cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
-T cells (killer, helper)
-memory cells
-macrophages
-NKs |
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Term
| HIV attacks what kind of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-directly engage antigen
-also attack tissue grafts, unfortunately |
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Term
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Definition
| -recognize phagocytized antigen, stimulating cytokines that further activate phagocytosis to produce Abs |
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Term
| T-killers and T-helpers are both known as ___ T cells. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability of the body's immune cells to recognize "self" and not attack |
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Term
| suppressor / regulatory lymphocytes |
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Definition
| stop the immune response at a point, so it does not continue on forever |
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Term
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Definition
| proliferation of lymphocytes that the body does not destroy; eventually impair immune system |
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Term
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Definition
allergies and anaphylactic shock
-free antigen binds to IgE, triggers response |
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Term
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Definition
-IMHA (FKA AIHM= Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia)
-Ab binds to host cell, triggering destruction |
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Term
| Type III hypersensitivity |
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Definition
-immune complex disease such as glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis
-Ab-Ag complexes deposited in glomerular vessels |
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Term
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Definition
-"delayed type hypersensitivity"
-T-cell mediated disease in tissues
-contact dermatitis like poison ivy |
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Term
| Immunoassays make use of ____ antibodies produced from lab animals. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance added to a vaccine to enhance antigenicity |
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Term
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Definition
anti-nuclear antibody
-general test for autoimmune disease, more in people |
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Term
| The TB test is an example of what type of hypersensitivity response? |
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Definition
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Term
| When titering blood for a certain Ag, what does a low titer indicate? A high titer? |
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Definition
low= previous exposure to the Dz
high= possibly an active infection, or that patient just received a booster vaccine |
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Term
| A agglutination test that is negative will resemble a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Ab titer converts to + (patient is infected)
OR
low Ab titer converts to high level immunity (vaccine, exposure to antigen) |
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Term
| antigenic drift VS antigenic shift |
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Definition
drift: antigen epitope mutates somewhat, causing loss of previous immunity = epidemic
shift: epitope mutates drastically, eg becomes able to infect other species; causes pandemic |
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Term
| Examples of antigenic drift and shift: |
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Definition
drift: influenza, parvo
shift: bird flu |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
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Term
| Can you quantify a reaction using direct ELISA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Ag coated wells
-patient sample added, Abs bind to Ag
-substrate added, binds to patient Abs
-color change can be quantified |
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Term
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Definition
-Ag coated wells
-patient sample added, Abs bind to Ag
-anti-Ab added, binds to patient Ab
-substrate added, binds to anti-Ab
-color change can be quantified
-signal amplified because many anti-Abs can bind to each patient Ab |
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Term
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Definition
-Ab coated container
-patient sample added, Ag in blood will bind to Abs
-second Ab with tag added, will bind to patient Ag
-Ab-Ab complexes cause color change |
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Term
Which of the following detect antibody, and which detect antigen?
-direct ELISA
-indirect ELISA
-sandwich ELISA |
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Definition
direct & indirect: Abs
sandwich: Ag |
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Term
| ____ test increases the specificity of the test, but it is more complicated to perform. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immunoassay might require the use of live virus, and thus is not performed often in vet med? |
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Definition
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Term
| Competitive ELISA can also be called... |
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Definition
| inhibition / blocking ELISA |
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Term
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Definition
-secondary Ab coated plate
-add patient sample, labeled Ag, and primary Ab
-sample Ag competes with labeled Ag
-primary Ab binds to patient and labeled Ags
-color change = labeled Ag, not patient Ag, so NEG
-no color change = patient Ag, not labeled Ag, so POS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-similar to bELISA
-uses radioisotope, measures radioactivity
-Bacteria= Coxiella burnetti
-cattle, sheep, goats
-abortions
-zoonotic |
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Term
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Definition
| ImmunoChromaTography Assay |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-uses colloidal gold that binds to Ab
-accumulation = color change
-human pregnancy tests |
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Term
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Definition
-eg Coggins test for EIA
-7 wells in agar plate (or whatever #)
-center filled with Ag
-3 filled with patient serum
-3 filled with control serum
-Ab-Ag complexes form visible precipitate on agar
-identity (smooth curve), partial identity (spur, looks like "Y"), non-identity (lines cross, looks like "X") |
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Term
| What do "identity," "partial identity," and "non-identity" mean? |
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Definition
-describes results of immunodiffusion test like Coggins
-identity = patient is pos
-partial identity = indeterminate
-non-identity = patient is neg |
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Term
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Definition
Direct:
-slide coated with fluorescent dye-coated Ag
-patient sample added, dye mixes with Abs
-fluorescent microscope
Indirect
-patient sample added to Ag-coated slide
-slide washed to remove unbound Ab
-fluorescent-labeled anti-Ab added
-fluorescent microscope |
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Term
| What disease is tested for using fluorescent antibody? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-detects Abs against one's own RBCs, ie tests for hemolytic Dz; also tests for erythroblastosis fetalis
-very expensive to stock; send out to lab
-patient sample + anti-HuIgG reagent = agglutination if Abs present |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| EPH & Immunoelectrophoresis |
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Definition
EPH: assess cause of severe hyperproteinemia *usually ^Ig's*
-electric current applied and measured = graph
follow with immunoelectrophoresis; helps Dx, evaluate therapeutic response |
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Term
| What set of tests is very, very expensive and usually only done in zoo med? |
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Definition
| EPH / immunoelectrophoresis |
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Term
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Definition
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
-DNA amplified into millinos of copies, then ID'd |
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Term
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Definition
1. denature DNA
2. add primer
3. make copies of DNA
4. gel electrophoresis |
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Term
| What test is used for paternity tests, forensics, and detection of inherited diseases? |
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Definition
| PCR (polymerase chain reaction), a type of molecular diagnostic |
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Term
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Definition
-slice up bits of DNA
-apply current to gel
-DNA moves toward positive end
-heavier stay close, lighter travel farther |
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