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serology,fungus,immunizations
serology,fungus,immunizations
74
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/26/2010

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Cards

Term
What are the five types of serology tests?
Definition

1.Precipitation

2.Agglutination

3.Neutralizing tests

4.Complement fixation

5.Labeled Abs

Term
What kind of Ag would you have to do a percipitation test?
Definition
Soluble (small) Ag
Term
What are the two types of precipitation tests we learned?
Definition

Immunodiffusion precipitation tests (tubes)

Double immunodiffusion Precipitation tests(wells cut in agar)

Term
What is the Titer?
Definition
The last tube to show a reaction
Term
With what ags would you use an agglutination test?
Definition
Non soluble (big stuff)
Term
In an agglutination test if positive at percentage how will tube look?
Definition
Cloudy,  if it is neg at percentage it will be clear with a button on botttom
Term
What does antimicrobial drugs target when fighting bacteria?
Definition
Cell wall, 70s ribosomes, their specific enzymes
Term
How does the viral neutralization test work?
Definition
Mix Viruses with patients serum,add mix to cultured cells if the patient had been exposed to virus previously cultured cells will be fine if not some will die
Term
How does compliment fixation test work?
Definition
You addd serum,ag,and compliment let incubate, then add abs for sheep rbc, and sheep rbc. Iff patient has been exposed to ag, ag will bond to compliment if not it joins to rbc and kills it
Term
In compliment fixation what would a positive test look like? a negative one?
Definition
positive would be cloudy pink, negative clear
Term
How does a labeled ab test work?
Definition
Attach fluorescent die to preselected abs, put on sample, and then look thru microscope with uv light, the desired cells will glow
Term
How does an ELISA test work?
Definition
You use special wells with ags stuck on bottom, add serum, wash and incubate, add abs from mouse that bind to human ab, wash and add reagents that will change color if positive
Term
What is a passive immunity immunization?
Definition
When you inject the patient directly with antibodies
Term
What does a passive immunity immunization protect against?
Definition

Toxins such as venom, tetanus, and botilism

Viruses such as measles,hepatitis and rabies

Term
What are the problems with passive immunity immunizations?
Definition
No memory cells produced, and can cause type 1 hypersensitivity
Term
What is active immunity immunizations?
Definition
Vacccines
Term
If the disease has a short incubation period what type of response is preferred?
Definition
B-cell (humoral response)
Term
What type of Ags would you want to fight with a b cell response vaccine?
Definition
exogenous ags, toxins,some enzymes,some bact, and some viruses
Term
What type of vaccine is used for a b-cell response?
Definition
Dead or inactivated
Term
What type of response would you want form a vaccine if the ag has a long incubation period?
Definition
T-cell response (cell mediated)
Term
What type of ag would fight with a t-cell response vaccine?
Definition
Endogenous ags, most viruses, some bacteria
Term
What type of vaccine do you use to get a cell mediated response?
Definition
Attenuated or still alive and active
Term
What are the benefits of using an attenuated vaccine?
Definition
More memory cells,no booster req.
Term
How do you make an attenuated virus?
Definition
You grow them in another media such as monkey kidney or duck embryo, grow several generations untill ag mutates to a point where it has more of a affinitiy towards the cells its grown in than human cells
Term
What are the disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?
Definition

Reversion(can mutate back and cause infection)

Other viruses( you can get something you didnt intend)

Term
How do you use Recombinant DNA to make synthetic peptide vaccines?
Definition
Dissolve the path and take a preselected piece of DNA, open a plasmid and insert piece of DNA use ligase to join two together, Put plasmid in a vile of bacteria or yeast and use heat shock to cause transformation, grow the changed bacteria and get the ag from them
Term
What are the six types of improved recombinant DNA vaccines?
Definition

1.solid matrix

2.liposome

3.micell formations

4.gene deletions

5.Vector Vaccines

6.DNA vaccines

Term
What are adjuvants?
Definition
Substances that help cause immune response by keeping ag in one spot,induce granuloma formation,and stimulate lymphocyte proliferation
Term
What are four examples of adjuvants?
Definition

1.Aluminum potassium sulfate

2.com

4.plete freunds adjuvant

3.monosporyl lipid a

4.saponins

Term
What are the five types of drug resistance?
Definition

A.Enzymes

B.Mutations in target enzymes

C.Efflux pumps

D.Porins

E.Biofilms

Term
What does antimicrobial drugs target when they fight fungi?
Definition
Ergosterol
Term
What are the two classifications of antimicrobial drugs?
Definition

Cidal (kills path)

Static (slow path down)

Term
What does the drug B-lactams do?
Definition
Binds to penicillin binding proteins inhibiting the formation of the protein cross links between the NAM is cidal
Term
How does the drug Vancomycin work?
Definition
Stops the alanine in the crosslinks from joining.  Is cidal
Term
How does the drug Bacitracin work?
Definition
It stops the secretion of NAG and NAM, it keeps it inside cell causes lysis
Term
How does the drug Aminoglycosides work?
Definition
It binds to the a site on 70s ribosomes changes the shape of the a site which changes shape of mrna which produces malformed proteins
Term
How does the drug tetracycline work?
Definition
Blocks the a site stopping protein production
Term
How does the drug Chloramphenicol work?
Definition
binds to the 50s sub unit stopping the enzymatic acitivity of making peptide bonds
Term
How does the drug microlides work?
Definition
Binds and stops ribosome from moving to the next codon
Term
How do sulfonamide drugs work?
Definition
Binds to the enzyme that makes folic acid stopping folic acid formation. no folic acid no dna/rna
Term
Name the eight bacterial drugs
Definition

B-lactams,Vancomycin,Bacitracin,

Aminoglycosides,Tetracycline,Chloramphenicol,microlides,

Sulfanomides

Term
Name the three types of anti-fungal drugs
Definition

A. Terbinafide

B. Azoles

C. Polyenes

Term
How does the anti-fungal drug Terbinafine work?
Definition
Taken orally or topically collects in keratonizes tissue,binds to the enzyme that turns lanosterol into ergosterol stops cell cycle
Term
How does the anti-fungal drug Azoles Work?
Definition
Taken oraly or topically, binds to enzymes that change lanosterol into ergosterol stopping cell cycle. DOES NOT COLLECT IN KERATINIZED TISSUE
Term
How does the anti-fungal drug polyenes work?
Definition
it binds to ergosterol and causes a pore in membrane which causes cell lysis
Term
Why can the Anti-fungal drug Polyenes be dangerous?
Definition
it can bind to cholesterol as well causing our cells to die
Term
How can you make polenes safer to use?
Definition
By putting it in a liposome
Term
What are the three types of anti-viral drugs?
Definition
Nucleotide analogs,drugs that block entry into the cell, protease inhibitors
Term
Definition
Division Zygomycota asexual reproduction
Term
Definition
Division Zygomycota sexual reproduction
Term
What is a basidiocarp?
Definition
A mushroom
Term
Definition
Basidiomycota sexual reproduction
Term
Definition
Division Ascomycota asexual reproduction
Term
Definition
Division Ascomycota Sexual reproduction
Term
What categorization of fungi have no sexual cycle?
Definition
Deuteromycota
Term
What are the two major pathogens in candida infections?
Definition

Candida Albicans

Candida Glabrata

Term
Where can you get Candida infections?
Definition
Cutaneous,mucosal (yeast infection),oral thrush,and can get systemic
Term
What pathogen causes most yeast infections?
Definition
Candida Albicans
Term
What is the cause of yeast infections in most women?
Definition
Too much estrogen
Term
Why are candida infections drug resistant?
Definition
Have many efflux pumps, otc drugs hve created stronger strains
Term
Where do you usually get cryptococcus neoformans?
Definition
Bird poop mostly pigeon
Term
Name the three types of superficial mycosis
Definition

1.Black piedra

2.White piedra

3.Tinea Versicolor

Term
What causes black piedra and what is it?
Definition
Piedraia hortai, it is a harmless infection of the hair
Term
What causes White piedra and what is it?
Definition
Trichosporon beigelii, it is found on the mustache and beard
Term
What causes Tinea Versicolor and what is it?
Definition
Malessezia furfur harmless infection on skin shows when you tan
Term
What are the three species of Dermatophytes that cause ring worm?
Definition

Epidermaphyton

Microsporum

Trichophyton

Term
What causes san jouquin valley fever?
Definition
Coccidioides immitis
Term
What are the types of disease you can get from Coccidioides immitis?
Definition

Primary pulmonary infection (not serious)

Cutaneous(rare)

Valley fever (women only)

Disseminated(fatal)

Term
What are the symptoms of valley fever?
Definition
Red bumps,desert rhumatism,conjunctavitis
Term
What happens when coccidioides immitis becomes disseminated?
Definition
It spreads to different parts of the body and creates nodules, fatal if not treated
Term
What causes aspergillosis?
Definition
Aspergillus
Term
What does Aspergillus do to you?
Definition
Creates a fungal ball in lungs but can spread to other parts of body
Term
How do you get aspergillus?
Definition
if you are imunocompromised, have eye injury,and long exposure to spores
Term
How do you treat Aspergillus?
Definition
Amphotericin B
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