Term
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Definition
Sensitization of most cells
Allergies
Least numerous |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Second most numerous
Can transport across membranes
Mucosal |
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Term
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Definition
Unknown function, but works as a B-cell receptor
Second least numerous |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by B-lymphocyte clones in response to the different epitonesof the immunogen |
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Term
| Types of polyclonal antibodies |
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Definition
Avian (B-type)
Rabbit (R-type)
Horse (H-type) |
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Term
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Definition
From serum of immunized animal
Looks like hay in color
Wait 5-10 minutes in a lab for the blood to coagulate |
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Term
| What do we need to make a monoclonal antibody? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are monoclonal antibodies manufactured? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fused cells
Retain the property of a B-cell but retain the "immortal" properties of a myolona cell. |
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Term
| What are some limitations for monoclonal antibodies in serology? |
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Definition
| They react with only one epitope, so they can't be used in precipitation or aglutination assays |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is the strength of antigen-antibody bonding mediated? |
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Definition
| By the strength of the interaction between the epitope of the antigen and the binding site of the antibody |
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Term
| When does the strongest binding occur? |
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Definition
| When the shape of the antigen matches the shape of the antibody |
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Term
| What does bonding strength depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Strength of a single bond
Single epitope to single binding site
Cross-reaction to structurally similar antigens |
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Term
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Definition
Overall strength
Sum of all binding affinities |
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Term
| Affinity, Avidity, Cross-reaction: What do we want? |
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Definition
High affinity
High avidity
Low cross-reactions |
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Term
| Types of Antigen-Antibody Binding Reactions |
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Definition
Pripary
Secondary
Tertiary |
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Term
| Primary Antigen-Antibody Binding Reaction |
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Definition
Most sensitive
Single binding site Ab to Ag
Reversible |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme immunoassays
Immunoflourescence assays
Radio immuno assays
Dye-labeled immunochromatography
Can measure the amount of Ag-Ab complexes |
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Term
| Secondary Antigen-Antibody Binding Reaction |
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Definition
| Less sensitve but easier to perform |
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Term
| What tests use secondary? |
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Definition
Precipitation, agglutination, and complement fixation tests
P & A form the basis for many serological assays in forensic labs
Complement is used less |
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Term
| Tertiary Antigen-Antibody Binding Reaction |
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Definition
| Not commonly emplyed in forensic settings |
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Term
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Definition
| In-vivo measuring inflammation and phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Soluble antigens
Precipitation curve
Prozone
Zone of equivalence
Post-zone |
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Term
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Definition
Low Ag-Ab concentrations
Excess of Ab, so no cross-linking = no precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Ag-Ab concentration is optimal = precipitation |
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Term
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Definition
High Ag-Ab concentration
Excess of Ag saturates the Ab, so there is no cross-linking |
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Term
| What does agglutination test for? |
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Definition
| Antigens located on the cell surface or carriers |
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Term
| How does agglutination work? |
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Definition
| Ag-Ab interactions cause the cells or carriers to aggregate and form larger complexes |
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Term
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Definition
Agglutination
(Not a soluble antigen?) |
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Term
| Agglutination: initial binding |
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Definition
Ag-Ab form at a single epitope
Rapid and reversible |
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Term
| Agglutination: lattice formation |
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Definition
Cross-linking network to form a latice
Slower process |
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Term
| Hemoagglutination: A, B, Rh antigens-antibodies? |
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Definition
Antibody A recognizes Antigen A
Antibody B recognizes Antigen B
Antibody D recognizes the Rh factor (aka D protein) |
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Term
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Definition
Not common in forensics
Detects presence of Ab or Ag |
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Term
| What does complement require and why? |
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Definition
An antibody bound to a red blood cell in order to destroy it.
If it is occupied in prior sample blood, it will not lyse the sheep blood. |
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Term
| What happens if the sample is positive for the antibody? |
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Definition
| The blood cells settle to the bottom in nonlysis after the sheep sample is added. |
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