Term
| WHAT DOES THE FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM STATE? |
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Definition
| THAT THE INITIAL LENGTH OF A MUSCLE PRIOR TO CONTRACTION DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF FORCE GENERATED BY THAT MUSCLE DURING THE CONTRACTION. |
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Term
| IS FSM A FUNCTION OF HOW THE ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS OVERLAP? |
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Definition
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Term
| THE FSM ONLY APPLIES TO WHAT TYPE OF TENSION? |
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Definition
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Term
| DOES SKELETAL MUSCLE'S OPTIMAL LENGTH EVER CHANGE? |
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Definition
| NO. SKELETAL MUSCLE OPERATES AT A RESTING LENGTH/STARTING LENGTH AT OPTIMAL LENGTH. |
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Term
| WITH YOU SEE PASSIVE TENSION YOU THINK RUBBER BANDS. ARE RUBBER BANDS CONTRACTILE? COMPARE THAT TO SKELETAL MUSCLE. |
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Definition
| RUBBER BANDS ARE NOT CONTRACTILE. RUBBER BANDS DONT CONTRACT THEN SNAP BACK. MUSCLES ON THE OTHER HAND BOTH CONTRACT AND SNAP BACK. THERE ARE ELASTIC COMPONENTS IN SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE ESPECIALLY. |
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Term
| WE HAVE OTHER MYOFILAMENTS THAT FUNCTION LIKE SPRINGS WHICH IS CALLED WHAT? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DO WE MAKE SURE THAT THE SKELETAL MUSCLE IS AT OPTIMAL LENGTH AT ALL TIMES IN COMPARISON TO A SPRING? |
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Definition
| WE SET THE SPRING TO WHERE IF I CONTRACT THE MUSCLE AND COMPRESS THOSE SPRINGS, WHEN I RELAX THE MUSCLE IT SPRINGS BACK. IF YOU STRETCH IT OUT TOO MUCH IT WILL BREAK. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES THE RESTING LENGTH OF CARDIAC MUSCLE GENERALLY EXIST IN RELATION TO THE OPTIMAL LENGTH? |
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Definition
| THE RESTING LENGTH IN CARDIAC MUSCLE GENERALLY EXISTS BELOW THE OPTIMAL LENGTH. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE BENIFET OF HAVING A LOWER RESTING LENGTH IN CARDIAC MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| THE ABILITY TO INCREASE VENOUS RETUN OR PRELOAD WITHOUT CAUSING A DECREASE IN THE ACTIVE TENSION THAT IS BEING GENERATED. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 WAYS THAT YOU CAN INCREASE SYSTEMIC VENOUS RETURN? |
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Definition
| 1) VENOCONSTRICTION, 2) MUSCULOSKELETAL PUMP, 3) THORACOABDOMINAL PUMP |
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Term
| DESCRIBE VENOCONSTRICTION. |
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Definition
| WHNE I CONSTRICT THOSE VESIN THE BLOOD CAN ONLY GO 1 WAY RELATED TO VALVES. VASOCONSTRICTION INCREASES AFTERLOAD WHILE VASOCONSTRICTION INCREASE THE VENOUS RETURN. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE MUSCULOSKELETAL PUMP. |
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Definition
| I STAND UP, THE QUADS AND HAMSTRONG CONTRACTS AND WHEN THEY DO THEY COMPRESS THE VEINS IN MY LEGS AND ONCE AGAIN THE BLOOD CAN ONLY GO ONE DIRECTION TOWARD THE HEART. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THORACOABDOMINAL PUMP. |
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Definition
| WHEN YOU TAKE A DEEP BREATH YOUR DIAPHRAGM MOVES DOWN. WHAT HAPPENS TO INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE? IT DECREASES. THE PRESSURE AROUND YOUR LUNGS DECREASE. THE PRESSURE AROUND THE LUNGS IS THE SAME THING AS THE PRESSURE AROUND THE VENA CAVA. SO WHAT HAPPENS TO THE WALL OF THE VENA CAVA WHEN THE PRESSURE SURROUNDING THE LUNGS AND THE PRESSURE SURROUNDING THE VENA CAVA DECREASES? THE VENA CAVA GETS LARGER. THAT DECREASES THE REISISTANCE IN THE VENA CAVA THEREFORE MORE FLOW. THE DIAPHRAGM MOVES DOWN SO WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO ABDOMINAL PRESSURE? IT WILL INCREASE SO THAT VENA CAV THAT IS DOWN IN THE ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT GETS COMPRESSED WHILE THE VENA CAVA IN THE THORACIC COMPARTMENT GETS PULLED OPEN. THIS PULLS MORE BLOOD UP. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES PATIENT'S WITH CHF RESTNG LENGTH EXIST? |
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Definition
| GREATER THAN THE OPTIMAL LENGTH OF CARDIAC MUSCLE. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR VELOCITY? HOW IS IT PLOTTED ON A GRAPH? |
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Definition
| VELOCITY= DISTANCE/TIME THE Y AXIS IS THE VELOCITY OF CONTRACTION. THE X AXIS IS THE LOAD-OPPOSING CONTRACTION (KG) OR THE FORCE. IT IS THE LOAD ON THE MUSCLE. |
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Term
| THE LIGHTER THE LOAD THE ___THE VELOCITY. |
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Definition
| HIGHER. LIGHT LOADS HAVE FASTER VELOCITES OF CONTRACT. |
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Term
| AS THE LOAD INCREASES THE VELOCITY IS GOING TO ____. |
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Definition
| DECREASE. THE HEAVIER THE LOAD, THE SLOWER THE VELOCITY UNTIL I GET TO THE POINT WHICH THE CURVE INTERSECTS THE X AXIS. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE LOAD KNOWN IN CARDIAC MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| THE AFTERLOAD WHICH IS THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE IN THE AORTA. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE VELOCITY WHEN THE CURVE INTERSECTS THE X AXIS? |
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Definition
| ZERO. THE MUSCLE IS CONTRACTING, BUT THERE IS NO MOVEMENT. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES ISOMETRIC MEAN? |
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Definition
| ISO= SAME METRIC = LENGTH CONTRACTION. FROM A VELOCTIY OF ZERO ON IS AN ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION. YOU CAN'T LIFT IT UP. |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE V MAX (THE MAXIMAL VELOCITY OF CONTRACTION)? |
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Definition
| BY EXTRAPOLATING BACK TO THE Y AXIS. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FORCE VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP IN THE HEART IN COMPARISON TO THE AORTIC PRESSURE AND CONTRACTILITY? |
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Definition
| THE HIGHER THE AORTIC PRESSURE DOES THE SLOWER THE HEART CONTRACTS. IF YOU LOWER THE AORTIC PRESSURE (DIASTOLIC PRESSURE) THE HEART CAN CONTRACT MORE QUICKLY. IN CARDAIC MUSCLE DECREASING THE AFTERLOEAD INCREASES THE VELOCITY. IN SKELETAL MUSCLES DECREASING THE LOAD INCREASES THE VELOCITY. |
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Term
| WHY DO WE CALL SMOOTH MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| FIRST OF ALL IT IS NOT STRIATED. NEXT THE ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS ARE NOT ARRANGED IN A PARALLEL FASHION. THEY ARE ARRANGED IN A BASKET WEAVEN. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE SHAPE THAT THE SMOOTH MUSCLES CONTRACT INTO. |
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Definition
| THE SPINDLE SHAPE BECOMES MORE LIKE A BALL. THE ENDS GET PULLED TOWARD EACH OTHER. THE SIDES GETS PULLED TOWARD EACH OTHER. SO THE LENGTH SHORTENS AS WELL AS THE INSIDES OF THE DIAMETER. |
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Term
| WHERE DO WE FIND SMOOTH MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| GI TRACT, PUPILS OF THE EYES, LUNGS, VASCULATURE OF THE HEART, VASCULATURE BED ESPECIALLY THE ARTERIOLES, AND THE SPHINCTER OF THE GI TRACT. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| UNITARY (SINGLE UNIT), MULTI-UNIT, AND MIXED. |
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Term
| WHERE DO WE HAVE UNITARY OR SINGLE UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| GI TRACT, BLADDER, UTERUS, AND SPHINCTERS |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE UNITARY SPHINCTER? |
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Definition
| WE WANT THAT MUSCLE TO BE FUNCTIONING AS 1 UNIT. IN TERMS OF SPHINCTER I WANT ALL OF THOSE SMOOTH MUSCLES TO CONTRACT MAXIMALLY OR I WANT THEM ALL RELAXED. MYOCYTES CONTRACT IN A COORDINATED FASHION. |
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Term
| WHERE IS THE MULTI-UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE LOCATED AT? |
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Definition
| IN THE IRIS. CONSTICTION VS DILATION. EACH MYOCYTE BEHAVES AS A SEPARATE MOTOR UNIT. THIS IS INNERVATED BY THE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE ANS. |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF MIXED SMOOTH MUSCLE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHERE IS THE MULTI-UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE LOCATED AT? |
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Definition
| IN THE IRIS. CONSTICTION VS DILATION. EACH MYOCYTE BEHAVES AS A SEPARATE MOTOR UNIT. THIS IS INNERVATED BY THE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE ANS. |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF MIXED SMOOTH MUSCLE? |
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Definition
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Term
| CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN EXIST IN 2 FORMS. WHAT ARE THEY? |
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Definition
| ENCAPSULATED AND NONENCAPSULATED. WE CAN THINK OF THE ENCAPSULATED FIBERS AS BEING LIKE LAYERS OF AN ONION. THIS IS HOW THEY COME. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES PACINIAN CORPUSCLES DO? |
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Definition
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Term
| MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLE IS FOR WHAT? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE RUFFINI'S ENDINGS FOR? |
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Definition
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Term
| WE HAVE DIFFERENT CUTANEOUS NERVES FOR DIFFERENT WHAT? |
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Definition
| MODALITES. LIKE EITHER VIBRATIONS, TOUCH, OR PRESSURE. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE NONENCAPSULATED RECEPTORS? |
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Definition
| THOSE ARE NERVE ENDINGS AROUND THE HAIRS. |
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Term
| FREE NERVE ENDINGS ALLOW TO FEEL WHAT? |
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Definition
| PAIN, TEMPERATURE, ITCH, TOUCH, TICKLE, ETC.. |
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE RECEPTORS FOR PROPRIOCEPTION FOUND? |
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Definition
| IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ARE NONECAPSULATED. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 RECEPTORS THAT SENSE PROPRIOCEPTION? WHAT ARE THEY LINKED TO? |
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Definition
| NUCLEAR BAG RIBERS, NUCLEAR CHAIN FIBERS, AND GTO (GOLGI TENDON ORGANS). THESE RECEPTORS ARE LINKED TO SENSORY AFFERENT. |
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Term
| WHAT DO NUCLEAR BAG FIBERS AND NUCLEAR CHAIN FIBERS DO? |
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Definition
| THEY ARE LINK SENSORS. THEY SENSE HOW LONG THE MUSCLE IS. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES GTO SENSORS DO? |
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Definition
| GTO ARE TENSION SENSORS. THEY EXIST NOT IN THE MUSCLE, THEY ACTUALLY EXIST IN THE TENDON. AL SKELETAL MUSCLES HAS TENDONS. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 MAIN TYPES OF MOTOR NEURONS? |
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Definition
| TYPE A ALPHA AND TYPE A GAMMA. THESE ARE NOT THE ONLY TYPES OF FIBERS. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES TYPE A ALPHA FIBERS GO? WHERE DOES TYPA A GAMMA FIBERS GO? |
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Definition
| TYPE A ALPHA FIBERS GOES TO THE MUSCLE FIBERS AND TYPE A GAMMA GOES TO THE MUSCLE SPINDLES. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES TYPE C MOTOR FIBERS GO TO AND WHAT MUST THEY BE, SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC? |
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Definition
| TYPE C MOTOR FIBERS GOES TO THE CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE. A MOTOR NEURON GOING TO CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE MUST BE SYMPATHETIC. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS AS YOU MOVE FROM A LARGE DIAMTER TO A SMALL DIAMTER OF A NEURON? |
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Definition
| THE CONDUCTION VELOCITY . LARGE NEURONS CONDUCT IMPULSES MORE QUICKLY. |
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Term
| WHAT 2 THINGS DETERMINE HOW QUICKLY A NERVE CONDUCTS ITS SIGNAL? |
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Definition
| THE DEGREE OF MYELINATION AND THE DIAMTER OF THE FIBER. AS THE MYELINATION DECREASES AND AS THE FIBER DIAMTER DECREASES THE CONDUCTION VELOCITY DECREASES. |
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Term
| THE SLOWEST FIBERS ARE ACTUALLY WHERE? |
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Definition
| THE POSTGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS BECAUSE THEY ARE UNMYELINATED AND HAVE A SMALL DIAMTER. IN THE PNS THEY ARE IN THE ORGAN. IN THE SNS IT STILL GETS TO WHERE IT IS GOING. |
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Term
| IS IT SAFE TO SAY THAT DIFFERENT FIBERS CONDUCT DIFFERENT MODALITIES AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS? EXPLAIN |
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Definition
| YES. THERE IS SHARP, LOCALIZED PAIN FIBERS AND THEN THERE ARE DULL ACHING SLOW PAIN FIBERS. THE PRICKING PAIN IS SHARPLY LOCALIZED, PINTPOINT LOCATION AND IS CARRIED BY FASTER FIBERS. IT TAKES A LONG TIME FOR THOSE ACHING FIBERS, THE DULL NONLOACLIZED, WHICH ARE ACTIVATED AT THE SAME TIME TO GET TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. THAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FAST LOCALIZED AND THE SLOW DUL ACHING. THE SLOW DULL ACHING IS SLOW BECAUSE THE CONDUCTION FIBERS ARE CONDUCTING IMPULSES MORE SLOWLY. |
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