Term
| WHAT REGIONS OF THE NERVE ARE NON-MYELINATED? WHAT REGIONS HAVE MYELIN ON THEM? |
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Definition
| DENDRITE, SOMA, AXON HILLOCTS, SYNAPTIC BOUTON, AND NODES OF RANVIER. THE AXON HAS THE MYELIN. |
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Term
| WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU HAD A VOLTAGE GATED CHANNEL (AXON HILLOCTS) THAT IS COVERED WITH MYELIN SHEATH? |
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Definition
| YOU WOULD NEVER BE ABLE TO DEPOLARIZE THE REGION OF THE AXON. |
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Term
| WHAT KIND OF CHANNELS/PROTEINS DOES THE NODES OF RANVIER CONTAIN? |
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Definition
| VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS, LEAK CHANNELS, AND NA/K ATPASE. |
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Term
| WHERE ON THE NEURON IS ACTION POTENTIAL GENERATED AT? |
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Definition
| THE AXON HILLOCTS. THE SOMA ONLY CONTAINS THE LIGAND GATED CHANNEL. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE A FEED FORWARD MECHANISM IN RELATION TO NA CHANNELS. |
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Definition
| IF I BEGIN DEPOLARIZING THE AXON HILLOCTS THAT MEANS THAT I ACTIVATED 1 VOLTAGE GATES NA CHANNEL. WHEN NA COMES IN IT ACTIVATES OTHER NEIGHBORING NA CHANNELS. THIS IS A FEED FORWARD MECHANISM. |
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Term
| DEPOLARIZATION AT THE SYNAPTIC BOUTON IS CAUSED BY WHAT KIND OF CHANNELS? |
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Definition
| VOLTAGE GATED CALCIUM CHANNELS |
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Term
| WHAT RESULTS IN EXOCYTOSIS OF A NEURON? |
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Definition
| CALCIUM INFLUX VIA VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS. THE SYNAPTIC VESICLES WITH STORED NEUROTRANSMITTER, ARE MOVED TOWARD THE CELL SURFACE AND RELEASE THE CONTENTS OF THE VESICLES INTO THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID AKA SYNAPSE. |
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Term
| WHAT KIND OF RECEPTOR AND NEUROTRANSMITTER HAVE OF A SOMATIC NERVE? WHAT KIND OF JUNCTION IS IT? |
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Definition
| NICOTINIC, ACh. IT IS A NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. SOMATIC NERVES GO TO SKELETAL MSUCLES. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS ON THE POSTSYNAPTIC SIDE OF THE NMJ? |
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Definition
| ACh DIFFUSED ACROSS THE SYNAPSE, BINDS TO THE ACh RECEPTOR, AND NA FLOWS INTO THE SKELETAL MUSCLE. IT IS GOING TO INCREASE THE POTENTIAL OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE AND CAUSE DEPOLARIZATION. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE A NEURONEURONAL JUNCTION? |
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Definition
| THIS IS JUNCTION, OR THE POINT, AT WHICH THE PRESYNAPTIC SENDS SIGNALS TO A POSTSYNAPTIC NERVE. NERVE 1 CAN EITHER TURN ON OR OFF NERVE 2. THE NEUROTRANSMITTER DETERMINES RATHER THE NERVE TURNS SOMETHING ON OR OFF. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE AFFERENT AND EFFERENT NEURONS. |
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Definition
| AFFERENT NEURONS ARE SENSORY NEURONS IN WHICH ARISE FROM THE PERIPHERAL AND MAKES IT'S WAY INTO THE SPINAL CORD. EFFERENT NEURONS ARE NEURONS THAT ARISE FROM THE SPINAL CORD AND MAKE ITS WAY INTO SKELETAL MUSCLE OR SMOOTH/CARDIAC MUSCLE. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES SOMATIC NEURONS GO? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHERE DOES AUTONOMIC EFFERNT NEURONS GO? |
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Definition
| SMOOTH MUSCLE AND CARDIAC MUSCLE |
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Term
| ON THE SPINAL CORD WHAT TYPE OF MATTER IS ON THE INSIDE VS OUTSIDE? |
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Definition
| OUTSIDE IS WHITE. THE INSIDE IS GREY. THE WHITE MATTER IS MYELINATED. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 ROOTS ON A SPINAL CORD? WHERE ARE THEY AND WHAT DOES EACH ONE DO? WHAT DO THEY COME TOGETHER AND FORM? WHAT ARE THE "BIG" AREAS ON THE BACK AND FRONT OF THE SPINAL CORD? |
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Definition
| THE SPINAL CORD HAS 2 ROOTS TO IT, DORSAL (POSTERIOR) AND VENTRAL (ANTERIOR). THE DORSAL ROOTS ARE THE SENSORY ROOTS. IT SENDS SIGNALS UP TO THE BRAIN. THE VENTRAL ROOTS ARE MOTOR ROOTS AND SENDS SIGNALS TO THE MUSCLES. THOSE 2 ROOTS COME TOGETHER TO FORM SPINAL NERVES ON THE LATERAL SIDE OF EACH OF THE SPINAL CORD. YOU HAVE THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) ON THE POSTERIOR SIDE AND VENTRAL ROOT GANGLIA (VRG) ON THE ANTERIOR SIDE. SO YOU HAVE THE SPINAL NERVE, DORSAL OR VENTRAL ROOT, THEN THE VRG OR DRG, THEN THE SPINAL CORD. |
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Term
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Definition
| A GROUP OF CELL BODIES OUTSIDE OF THE CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A GROUP OF CELL BODIES INSIDE OF THE CNS. |
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Term
| DOES EVERY NERVE HAVE A CELL BODY IN THE DRG? |
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Definition
| YES. THAT IS WHY AS YOU FOLLOW THOSE SPINAL NERVES INTO THE DORSAL ROOT, THE DORSAL ROOT IS GOING TO ENLARGE. IT WILL LOOK LIKE A BUMP WHICH IS DUE TO ALL THE CELL BODIES. |
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Term
| WHICH DIRECTION DOES AFFERENT TRAVEL? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS EFFERENT NEURONS GOING TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLE? |
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Definition
| SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE DORSAL ROOT CONTAINS SENSORY AFFERENTS. THE VENTRAL ROOTS CONTAIN MOTOR EFFERENT. THIS IS TRUE FOR ALL SPINAL NERVES. |
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE CELL BODIES THAT ARE IN THE DRG? |
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Definition
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Term
| DESCRIBE IN RELATION TO DENDRITES, AXON, AND SYNAPTIC TERMINAL, WHERE ARE THESE CONSIDERED LOCATED ON FOR AFFERENT NERVES? |
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Definition
| THE AXON IS IN THE DORSAL ROOT. THE DENDRITE GOES INTO THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA FROM THE PERIPHERAL. THE AXON THAT IS LEAVING THE CELL BODY IS PART OF THE DORSAL ROT THAT IS EXITING THE DRG. THE SYNAPTIC BOUTON IS IN THE DORSAL HORN. IT IS NOT MYELINATED. |
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Term
| IN RELATION TO A SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'S CELL. WHERE IS THE CELL BODY, AXON, AND SYNAPTIC BOUTON? |
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Definition
| THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'S BODY IS IN THE VENTRAL HORN. THE AXONS ARE IN THE VENTRAL ROOT AND THE SYNAPTIC BOUTON IS AT THE NMJ OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE. |
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Term
| CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS ARE EITHER WHAT? 2 ANSWERS |
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Definition
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Term
| WHEN THE SENSORY NERVE COMES INTO THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA AND INTO THE DORSAL HORN WHERE DOES THE NERVES GO? |
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Definition
| SOME OF THOSE NERVE FIBERS OF THE AXON WILL BRANCH OFF AND INNERVATE THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, BUT SOME OF THEM WILL BRANCH OFF AND TRAVEL INTO THE WHITE MATTER. FROM THE WHITE MATTER THEY WILL TRAVEL UP TO THE BRAIN. |
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Term
| WHAT TYPES OF PLANES ARE GREY AND WHITE MATTER TRAVELING IN? |
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Definition
| GREY MATTER TRAVELS IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE. WHITE MATTER TRAVELS IN THE VERTICAL PLANE. |
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Term
| DORSAL COLUMNS, VENTRAL COLUMNS, AND LATERAL COLUMNS TRAVEL WHERE? |
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Definition
| THOSE ARE ALL WHITE MATTER (MYELINATED) COLUMNS THAT ARE TRAVELING UP AND DOWN THE SPINAL CORD. |
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Term
| ARE THE TERMINAL ENDS OF THE SENSORY AND SOMATIC NEURONS IN GREY OR WHITE MATTER? ARE THE MYELINATED OR NOT? |
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Definition
| THEY ARE UNMYELINATED AND ARE IN THE GREY MATTER. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES UNIQUE NEURONAL MEAN? |
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Definition
| ONE NEURON IS GOING INTO THE CNS AND ONE NEURON IS COMING OUT OF THE CNS. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES BINEURONAL MEAN? WHAT NERVOUS SYSTEM HAVE IT? |
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Definition
| BINEURONAL MEANS THAT THERE ARE 2 NEURONS REQUIRED TO GET TO THE CNS OUT TO CARDIAC OR SMOOTH MUSCLE. THEY ARISE FROM THE ANS. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 NEURONS CALLED THAT MAKE UP THE BINEURONAL SYSTEM? |
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Definition
| PRESYNAPTIC (PREGANGLIONIC) AND POSTSYNAPTIC (POSTGANGLIONIC) |
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE PRESYNAPTIC CELL BODIES OF THE SNS LOCATED? |
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Definition
| IN THE IML (INTEROMEDIAL LATERAL) HORN OF T1-L5. THE SNS ARISES FROM THE THORACOLUMBAR REGION. THE IML IS THE "GENITAL WART" AREA INBETWEEN THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HORN. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES THE ANS EXIT AT ON THE SPINAL CORD? |
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Definition
| THE VENTRAL HORN. THE ANS IS AN EFFERENT SYSTEM. WE ARE SENDING INFORMATION OUT TO CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF SNS GANGLIA? |
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Definition
| PARAVERTEBRAL AND PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA. THE PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA RUN ALONG WITH THE SPINAL CORD ON BOTH SIDES AND LOOK LIKE BEADS. THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE "PREAORTIC" GANGLIA AND ARE INFRONT OF THE AORTA. ANTERIOR AND TO THE LEFT OF THE SPINAL CORD. THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA HAS LONGER PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS THEN THE PARAVERTEBRAL NEURONS. FOR THE PREVERTEBRAL ROOTS THE VENTRAL ROOTS WILL WRAP AROUND THE AORTA AND SYNAPSE IN THE GANGLIA THAT ARE IN FRONT OF THE AORTA. FROM THERE THEY WILL GO TO ORGANS. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES THE PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA EXISIT OF THE SNS? |
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Definition
| ALL THE WAY FROM THE CERVICAL REGION TO THE SACRUM. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA CALLED? |
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Definition
| CELIAC, SUPERIOR MESENTERIC, AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE CELIAC ARTERY SUPPLY THE NERVES TO? |
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Definition
| STOMACH, LIVER, GB, SPLEEN, PANCREAS, FIRST PART OF SMALL INTESTINES, KIDNEY, AND ABDOMINAL BLOOD VESSELS. THE CELIAC SUPPLIED EVERYTHING ABOVE THE SPHINCTER OF ODDI. |
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Term
| HOW DOES THE NERVES GET TO THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS? |
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Definition
| AS THE BLOOD VESSELS TRAVEL OUT TO THOSE ORGANS THE NERVES, POSTSYNAPTIC, HITCH A RIDE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE ARTERY. SO THE BLOOD SUPPLY MIRROS THE NERVE SUPPLY AND VICE VERSA. |
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Term
| WHAT ORGANS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLIA? |
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Definition
| ORGANS FROM THE DUODENUM ALL THE WAY TO THE LEFT COLONIC FLEXURE. TRANSVERESE COLON TO DESCENDING COLON. SO EVERY PART OF THE INTESTINES, THE DUODENUM, JEJUNU, ILIUM, CECUM, ASCENDING COLON AND TRANSVERSE COLON ARE SUPPLIED BY THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE INFERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLIA/ARTERY CONTROL? |
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Definition
| EVERYTHING FROM LEFT COLONIC FLEXURE TO THE RECTUM. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA SUPPPLY? |
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Definition
| THE MIDDLE CERIVCAL GANGLIA OG THE PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA SUPPLY THE HEART AND LUNGS. |
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Term
| WHEN WE SUPPLY THE GI ORGANS ARE WE USING THE PREVERTEBRAL OR PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA? |
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Definition
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Term
| TRACE HOW SNS FIBERS START AND FINISH. |
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Definition
| PRESYNAPTIC FIBERS COME OUT OF THE SPINAL CORD (VENTRAL ROOT) AND GO TO THOSE PREAORTIC GANGLIA AND THAT IS WHERE THEY END. THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON COMES AFTER THAT. AND SO ON. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER AND RECEPTOR AFTER THE POSTSYNAPTIC JUNCTION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH NERVOUS SYSTEM REGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF ORGAN SYSTEMS? |
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Definition
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Term
| OF THE SNS ARE THE PRESYNAPTIC AND POSTSYNAPTIC NEURONS SHORT OR LONG? |
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Definition
| THE PRESYNAPTIC IS SHORT. THE POSTSYNAPTIC IS LONG. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ALSO KNOWN AS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE PRESYNAPTIC NEURON CELL BODIES OF THE PNS GOING TO BE FOUND IN? |
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Definition
| THE BRAINSTEM. THE CELL BODEIS OF THE PRESYNAPTIC PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS WILL BE FOUND IN NUCLEI IN THE BRAINSTEM. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES THE URINARY ORGAN'S INNERVATION OF THE PNS COME FROM? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA FOUND AT? |
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Definition
| ON, NEAR, OR IN THE TARGET ORGAN. |
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Term
| ARE THE PRESYNAPTIC AND POSTSYNAPTIC PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA SHORT OR LONG? |
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Definition
| THE PRESYNAPTIC GANGLIA ARE LONG AND THE POSTSYNAPTIC GANGLIA ARE SHORT. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER AND RECEPTORS FOR THE PRE AND POST SYNAPTIC GANGLIA OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM? |
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Definition
| ACH AND NICOTINIC FOR PRE AND ACH AND MUSCARINIC FOR POST |
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Term
| WHERE DOES N(M) OCCUR AT? WHERE DOES N(N) OCCUR AT? |
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Definition
| ONLY ON SKELETAL MUSCLES. N(N) IS A NEURONEURONAL JUNCTION WHICH IS NERVE TO NERVE. |
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Term
| HOW MANY TYPES OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS ARE THERE AND WHAT ARE THEY CALLED? |
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Definition
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION TO THE ADRENAL MEDULLA. |
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Definition
| THE PRESYNAPTIC FIBERS OF THE SNS TRAVEL FROM THE IML, THEY PASS THROUGH THE PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA WITHOUT SYNAPSING, THEY PASS THROUGH THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA WITHOUT SYNAPSING, AND THEY SYNAPSE (END) AT THE SURFACE OF THE CHROMAFFIN CELLS. THE NEUROTRANSMITTER THAT GETS RELEASED IS ACH. THE RECEPTOR THAT IT BINDS IS (CHOLINERGIC) A NICOTINIC NEURONAL RECEPTOR N(N). IT IS NOT SYNAPSING ON A NERVE, IT IS SYNAPSING ON A CHROMAFFIN CELL. THAT CHROMAFFIN CELL PRODUCES EPI AND NOREPI. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES THE CHROMAFFIN CELLS RELEASE CATECHOLAMINES INTO? |
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Definition
| THE BLOOD SYSTEM TO GO INTO SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION |
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Term
| WHEN WE ACTIVATE THE MEDULLA WHAT KIND OF RESPONSE DO WE GET? |
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Definition
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Term
| SWEAT GLANDS THAT ARE SYMPATHETICALLY INNERVATED RELEASE WHAT FROM THE POSTGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBERS. WHAT ARE THE RECEPTORS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT RECEPTORS ARE PRESENT IN THE VASCULAR BEDS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES OF SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION WHICH CAUSE VASODILATION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT KIND OF NERVES WILL BE FOUND IN THE VENTRAL ROOT OF THE SPINAL CORD? |
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Definition
| SOMATIC EFFERENT NERVES AND PRESYNAPTIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS. |
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Term
| THE FIBERS THAT WILL BE FOUND IN THE VENTRAL ROOTS OF THE THORACOLUMBAR SPINAL CORD WILL BE WHAT? |
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Definition
| SOMATIC EFFERENT AND PRESYNAPTIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS ONLY. THERE WILL NOT BE ANY PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS IN THAT VENTRAL ROOT BECAUSE PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS ARISE FROM THE CRANIOSACRAL REGION. |
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