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| what is sensory evaluation |
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| a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze and interpret those responses to products that are perceived by the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. |
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are two products dfferent?
20-30ppl
screened for acuity
triangle, duo-trio, paired comparison |
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| which one is sweeter? 50 % chance of guessing |
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how do products differ in all sensory attributes
8-12 people= trained, motivated
ANOVA btwn means |
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| Consumer acceptance testing |
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are products liked?
75-150 consumers
screened for product use |
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| 9 point hedonic points are placed |
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| at psychological intervals |
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- the sensory test method chosen must fit the objectives of the research question
-appropriate panelists must be chosen |
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separates hedonic and descriptive info
-use representative consumers for quality
-trained panelists DO NOT specify liking
-Rand D oriented |
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Provides quality score and diagnosis
-trained experts
-product knowledge of standard products are key
-widely used, QC |
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-blinded
-provide minimal info->minimal bias
-so sensory properties meet targets??
-expectations are very broad |
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-expectations are explicit
-cannot measure appeal w/o bias |
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| MEchanics of good practice for sensory test |
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Blind product samples
-independent judgements |
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| Sensory testing booths and set up |
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-minimize outside influence
-bias free labels, random order, counter balanced |
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- clean,
-minimize distraction
-blind test
prevent carry over
provide water
limit number of samples
motivate panelists
panelists must understand the ballot |
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| branch of experimental psychology devoted to quanitfying the relationships between energy in the enviornment and sensory response. |
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change in I / I = K
Change in I=change in intensity required for 1 JND
I= absolute intensity
K- constant- different for stimulus |
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judgements are proportional to sensation intensity, using rations
-linear relationship when plotted log-log |
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| Describe the value of N in a power function |
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when n>1, steep slope
when n=1- slope =1
when n<1- not a steep of a slope |
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| used to describe the data |
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used to infer from a population
-parametric- ttest, ANOVA
non parametric- binomial, chi square, ranks |
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| range, variance, standard deviation |
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| is there only one correct answer or two? |
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you reject the null hypothesis, when there is nothing there
alpha |
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fail to reject the hypothesis, when there is something there but you didnt find it
beta |
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for a treatment design that is significant to find out which of the means are different
-tukeys |
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| which sample A or B matches the refernce |
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| given 2 refernces A and B, does the sample match reference A or B |
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| difference tests needs___ people and similarity test needs___ people. |
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differences 20-40
similarity- 50-100 |
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| how to avoid type 2 error |
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- maintain proper experimental control
-reduce sources of error
-make sure panelists can descriminate |
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| Four approaches to equivalence and similarity |
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1. common sense approach
2.test power approach
3.significant similarity
4. interval testing/TOST |
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use no significant difference under specific conditions
-use an established method
-used a screened panel
-cross validation |
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accept the null hypothesis, but with known power and sufficient amount of people
- this safe quards against type 2 error |
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| set a limit on maximum of descriminators and set beta to find out the number of panelists you need to recruit |
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| Assumptions to descriminator theory |
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1- there are 2 kindsof subjects
descriminators- who recognize a difference
non descriminators- peope who guess
2-non dicriminators include people who
guess correctly and guess incorrectly
3-the total numer correct is the sum of the discriminators plus the correctly guessing non discriminators |
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| Equations for descriminator theory |
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C=D+(1/3)Dnon
C=D+(1/3)(N-D) |
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| power calculation for discriminator theory |
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is based on Z values for alpha and beta and divided by probability of chance, and 1-probablity of chance
-correct for chance |
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| finding Pa for power calculations - quessing correctly |
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| Pa= Pchance+ Pd(1-Pchance) |
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use abbotts formual to determine upper limit
1-set limit for descriminators
2-translate into expected % correct
#3 calculate 95% CI for observed calue |
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- borrowed from FDA bioequivalence guidelines
-set interval for parameters to be considered equal
-break interval of interest into 2 seperate tests
-compare measured effect to both upper and lower bound |
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| odorant concentration present/ odorant threshold concentration |
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| Signal detection threshold |
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| when the singal is presented and you say its a signal |
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| when ithe signal is presented and you say its the blank |
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| the blank is given and you say it is the blank |
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| when the blank is given and the you say it is the signal. |
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| say yes a lot, a lot false alarms, and little misses |
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| say no a lot, little false alarms but also a lot of misses |
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| items are placed in groups, do not have a quantitative relationship |
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items placed into groups that are apart of an ordered series
Grades: |
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itemsa re placed into numbered groups
separated by a constant interval
1,2,3,4
temperature
zero is NOT meaningful |
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numers repersent a constant ration between fixed points
length weight, distnace
the number zero is MEaningful! |
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| rate the quality of a taste to the loudness of sound |
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| quasi-logarithmic spacing |
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| the adjective scales are____ |
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| any systematic tendency that causes responses to be an in accurate reflection of subjective sensation intensities differences or mafnitude |
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the same concentration- but give different ratings
40F in summer vs 40 F in witner |
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| subject spread judgements along the available scale range often with about equal spacing |
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| subjects use the available response catedfories and eual number of times |
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| psychophysics functions are flatter in wide ranges and steeper in short ranges |
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| stopping too soon in optimization |
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| terpenes smell more woody or citrus depending on other smells during the day |
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when one positive attribute of a product influences another unrelated attributes in a positive direction
(vanillin in milk) |
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| if consumers are not asked about a particularly salien attribute on a questionaire they tend to voice their opinin on anohter available scale |
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sensory modality unit for recording flux
-time intensity |
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pass through ion channels
bind to and block ion channels
bind to g-protein coupled receptors |
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| T1R2 and T1R3( same as umami) |
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| T1R1 and T1R3 (same as sweet) |
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-is decrease in response under conditions of constant stimulus
-taste adaptaion is seen with a stable stimulus |
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effect of adaptation of one stubstance on another
-if two subsatnces cross-adapt, they suse the same taste receptor |
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| adapt out a compound in a mixture by eexposing it before the presentation of the mixture. The compound rating will go way down and the pther compound in the mixure will go up |
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| most of wat we taste is actually being sensed by olfactory cells with in the nasal cavity |
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| gene for the ability of smelling androstenone- boar tant |
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| a chemically initiated event which elicits a somatosensory response |
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| taste occurs with in_____ which chemosthetic takes ______ |
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taste- seconds
chemosthetic- minutes |
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hydrogen bonding
hydrophobic interactions
acid-protein interactions
direct effects on oral epithelial cells |
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| -OH of tannins and carbonyl or N- in peptide of salivary protiens |
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protein coils around polyphenol
polyphenols in protein- phenol complex cross-link
triggers them to aggregate--> precipiated |
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| less haze, more protein? ? ? |
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