Term
| What are the various forms of sensation as sight, taste, or touch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the human body does the perception of sensation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two broad categories may be used to classify sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional category of sensory receptors respond to chemical stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional category of sensory receptors respond to light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional category of sensory receptors respond to heat and cold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional category of sensory receptors respond to mechanical deformation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional category of sensory receptors respond to pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional category of sensory receptors respond to body position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What functional category of sensory receptors respond to sensations from the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of receptors respond to continuous stimulus with a burst of activity and then quickly
decrease their firing rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of receptors respond to a continuous stimulus by maintaining their rate of firing as long as
the stimulus continues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What law states that a sensory nerve fiber will produce only one sensation? |
|
Definition
| the law of specific nerve energies |
|
|
Term
| What are the depolarizations that are produced by sensory receptors in response to sensory stimuli? |
|
Definition
| receptor (generator) potentials |
|
|
Term
| What are the sensations of touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain in the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group of sensations includes those from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what part of the brain are somatesthetic senses perceived? |
|
Definition
| the postcentral gyrus of the contralateral side of the brain |
|
|
Term
What is pain produced by stimulation of one region of the body but which is perceived in a different
area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of skin whose stimulation results in changes in the firing rate of the sensory neuron serving that area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the area of receptive fields vary with the density of receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the minimum distance at which two points of touch can be perceived as separate on the skin? |
|
Definition
| two-point touch threshold |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensation of a limbís presence after amputation? |
|
Definition
| phantom limb (it often involves pain and is often called phantom pain) |
|
|
Term
| What process sharpens sensations as when a blunt object stimulates a number of receptive fields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a synonym for the sense of taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three cranial nerves innervate taste buds? |
|
Definition
| the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the five modalities of taste? |
|
Definition
| salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensation of a meaty flavor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the brain is taste perceived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What physiological term is synonymous with ìthe sense of smellî? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve transmits impulses from olfactory receptors in the nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain perceives the sense of smell? |
|
Definition
the olfactory cortex in the medial temporal lobes and the associated hippocampus and amygdaloid
nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain do impulses from the olfactory epithelium bypass that the other senses do not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Odor can powerfully evoke emotionally charged memories possibly because it linked directly to
what part of the brain that controls emotion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ provides the sense of equilibrium with respect to gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main parts of the vestibular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| the otolith organs and the semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
| What are the two otolith orgrans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of what bone holds the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| petrous part of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear is contained within the bony labyrinth. What fluid fills
the membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fluid fills the space between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the vestibular apparatus responds to changes in linear acceleration? |
|
Definition
| the otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the vestibular apparatus responds to changes in angular (rotational) acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the vestibular apparatus what are the receptors for equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are all but one of the hairlike extensions of hair cells within the vestibular apparatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest extension of a hair cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with stereocilia are bent in the direction of the kinocilium? |
|
Definition
| the hair cell depolarizes |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the stereocilia of a hair cell are bent away from the kinocilum? |
|
Definition
| the hair cell hyperpolarizes |
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain? |
|
Definition
| the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) |
|
|
Term
| What covers the otolith organs? |
|
Definition
| a gelatinous membrane containing crystals of calcium carbonate |
|
|
Term
| Which of the otolith organs is more sensitive to horizontal acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the otolith organs is more sensitive to vertical acceleration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the otolith organs to respond to changes in linear acceleration? |
|
Definition
| the inertia of the otolithic membrane |
|
|
Term
| How many semicircular canals are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the orientation of the semicircular canals to one another? |
|
Definition
| They are at nearly right angles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the enlarged area of each semicircular canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What embeds the hair cells of the semicircular canals? |
|
Definition
| a gelatinous membrane, the cupul |
|
|
Term
| What causes the hair cells of the semicircular canals to respond to changes in angular acceleration? |
|
Definition
| The movement of the endolymph pushes the cupula like a sail in the wind. |
|
|
Term
| Impulses from the vestibular apparatus are transmitted to what parts of the brain? |
|
Definition
| the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| What is the involuntary oscillations of the eyes produced by suddenly stopping a spinning of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a loss of equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main characteristics of sound waves? |
|
Definition
| frequency (pitch) and intensity (amplitude) |
|
|
Term
| In what units is the frequency of a sound wave measured? |
|
Definition
| hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps) |
|
|
Term
| In what units is the intensity of a sound measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over what range of frequency can a young, trained individual hear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the level of a sound that is at the threshold of hearing for a young, healthy individual with
normal hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average pain level produced by loud sounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer, fleshy part of the ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the passage way within the skull for the outer ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What the anatomical term for the eardrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average intensity of human speech? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the estimated distance of movement of the tympanic membrane when responding to normal
speech? |
|
Definition
| about the diameter of a hydrogen molecule |
|
|
Term
| What is the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collectively, what are the three small bones in the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From lateral to medical, name the three ear ossicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the ear ossicles is attached to the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the ear ossicles is attached to the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what part of the cochlea is the stapes attached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two mechanisms help to protect the inner ear from loud sounds that have a gradual onset? |
|
Definition
| buckling of the ossicles and contraction of the stapedius muscle |
|
|
Term
What structure acts as a passageway between the middle ear cavity and the nasopharynx and allows
pressure within that cavity to be equalized with pressure in the outer ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two main structures make up the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What is the upper most of the three chambers of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| the vestibular canal (scala vestibuli) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the inner ear houses the utricle and saccule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lowest of the three chambers or canals of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle chamber or canal of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the membrane attached to the tympanic canal at the base of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the individual sensory receptors of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| the spiral organ (organ of corti) |
|
|
Term
| Hair cells of the spiral organ are attached to what structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stereocilia of the hair cells in the spiral organ are embedded in what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are different frequency of sound detected? |
|
Definition
| Various frequencies displace the basilar membrane at different locations along the length of the spiral organ. |
|
|
Term
| How is the intensity of a sound coded by the spiral organ? |
|
Definition
| the louder the sound, the more frequent the impulses to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerve carries impulses from the spiral organ within the cochlea to the brain? |
|
Definition
| the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) |
|
|
Term
| Where within the brain is hearing perceived? |
|
Definition
| the auditory cortices of the temporal lobes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main categories of deafness? |
|
Definition
| conduction deafness and sensorineural (perceptive) deafness |
|
|
Term
| What type of deafness involves an impairment of sound waves from the outer ear to the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of deafness an impairment of the transmission of nerve impulses from the cochlea to the auditory cortex? |
|
Definition
| sensorineural deafness (nerve deafness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of energy is light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range of wavelengths of visible light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer layer of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the white, outer layer of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transparent, outer portion of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the eyeball, what is the space anterior to the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the anterior cavity of the eyeball what is the space anterior to the iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the anterior cavity of the eyeball, what is the space posterior to the iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fills the anterior cavity of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pigmented muscle that controls the amount of light enter the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the opening in the iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure of the eye changes shape to focus images on the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure encases the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure suspends the lens in position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is continuous with the iris and the choroid and produces aqueous humor from it epithelium
and contains smooth muscle to change the shape of the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle works to change the shape of the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure absorbs aqueous humor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what condition is aqueous humor inadequately reabsorbed leading to increased interocular
pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the eyeball, what is the space posterior to the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the eye, what is the gelatinous material posterior to the lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the neural layer of the eyeball, that is the layer that holds the photoreceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the eyeball, what is the pigmented layer which absorbs light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of the retina is where nerve fibers pass on their way to the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blind spot of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When light passes from one medium into another of a different density it is bent. What is the
term for this bending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two factors influence the degree of refraction? |
|
Definition
| the difference of densities of media light that is passing through and the curvature of the interface between the media |
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the external world projected onto the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the visual field as it passes through the cornea and lens? |
|
Definition
| it is turned upside down and backwards |
|
|
Term
What is the ability of the eyes to keep an image focused on the retina as the distance between the
eye and the object varies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the comparative shape of the lens when looking at distance objects (over 20 feet away)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the comparative shape of the lens when looking at objects that are close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the ciliary muscle to make the lens thick when looking at close objects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the ciliary muscle when looking at objects that are far away? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the ciliary muscle? |
|
Definition
| it is a sphincter, (circular) |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the sharpness of vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced dots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to have 20/20 vision? |
|
Definition
| an individual with 20/20 vision sees at 20 feet what the average person sees at 20 feet |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for nearsightedness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what condition are near objects clearly seen, but distance object are not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what condition are distance object clearly seen, but near objects are not? |
|
Definition
| farsightedness (hyperopia) |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for farsightedness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual cause of hyperopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual cause of myopia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition occurs when the cornea or lens are not perfeclty symmetrical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of photoreceptors of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptors synapse with what type of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bipolar cells of the retina synapse with photoreceptors and what cells which send fibers to the
brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What visual pigment is within rods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of visible light is not absorbed by rods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of rhodopsin that it breaks into when it absorbs light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What action occurs when rhodopsin absorbs light and breaks into its component parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of retinal? |
|
Definition
| all-trans and 11-cis form |
|
|
Term
| Which form of reinal is attached opsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of retinal forms when light strikes rhodopsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the all-trans form of retinal transformed back into the 11-cis form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the interaction between photoreceptors and pigment epithelial cells in which the all-trans
form of retinal is converted to the 11-cis form? |
|
Definition
| the visual cycle of the retinal |
|
|
Term
| What is the gradual increase in photoreceptor sensitivity in low light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of photoreceptors in the dark? |
|
Definition
| they release an inhibitory neurotransmitter which hyperpolarizes bipolar cells preventing them from depolarizing |
|
|
Term
| What depolarizes photoreceptors in the dark? |
|
Definition
| Na+ channels remain open creating a dark current |
|
|
Term
| What causes photoreceptors to hyperpolarize in light? |
|
Definition
| 11-cis retinal converts to the all to the all-trans form and dissociates from opsin. opsin changes shape and causes G-proteins to dissociate thus activating an enzyme that converts cGMP to GMP. This conversion of cGMP to GMP closes Na+ channels and hyperpolarizes the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What type of photoreceptor has a lower threshold to light and gives better night vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of color vision do human have? |
|
Definition
| trichromatic color vision |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region of the retina has the greatest visual acuity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What larger region of the retina contains the fovea centralis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of photoreceptor occurs in the fovea centralis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio of cones to ganglion cells in the fovea centralis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are approximately 120 million rods and 6 million cones in each retina. Only about 1.2
million nerve fibers leave the eye. This illustrates that what phenomenon occurs between
photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where on the retina does convergence not occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which half of the visual field is transmitted to the same side of the brain as that side of the body
the eye occurs on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which half of the visual field is transmitted to the opposite side of the brain as that which the eye
occurs on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within what structure does crossing over (decussation) of optic fibers occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what part of the brain is vision perceived? |
|
Definition
| the visual cortex of the occipital lobe |
|
|
