Term
| List the five forms of enery humans can detect. List two forms of energy humans cannot detect. |
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Definition
Light, Sound, Chemical, Mechaincal, Thermal
Cannot- Radiation, Magnetic |
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Term
| List five general types of receptors |
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Definition
| Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Chemorecepters, Electomagnetic, Nociceptors. |
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Term
Mechanoreceptors
Give function
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Definition
detect physical changes in shape of cells/receptors
ex: touch, pressure, vibrations, sound, tension |
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Term
Thermoreceptors
give function |
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Definition
detects change in temperature |
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Term
Chemoreceptors
give function |
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Definition
taste, smell, O2, CO2, H+, osmolarity, glucose, amino acids |
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Term
Electromagnetic
Give function |
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Definition
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Term
Nociceptors
give function |
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Definition
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Term
| Since all action potentials are alike, how can the brain tell one from another? |
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Definition
Because they all go to different places in the brain |
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Term
| How can the brain tell the difference between sound, touch, and smell? |
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Definition
| Depends on where the nerve fibers terminate in the brain. |
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Term
| Where do we find Free Nerve Endings? Are they highly advanced or primitive? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four sensations that Free Nerve Endings can detect. |
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Definition
| Vibrations, temperature, pain, touch |
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Term
| What do we know about how Free Nerve Endings send APs? |
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Definition
| unknown, but APs are genetrated by stimilus. |
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Term
| What are tactile hairs? Importance? What do they detect? |
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Definition
| Around hair follicles, very sensitive, fires if hair is moved, adapts quickly. |
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Term
Which receptor is useful for light touch, and detecting movement?
Do these adapt rapidly or slowly?
Why is adaptation important? |
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Definition
Meissners corpuscles
adapt quickly therefore, they are very sensitive to skin |
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Term
| Where do we find Genital End Bulbs? Function? |
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Definition
Located in dermis of glans penis, glans clitoris
Produce erotic sensation |
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Term
Which receptor is useful for deep pressure?
Do these adapt slowly or quickly? |
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Definition
Pacinian corpuscles
adapt quickly |
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Term
| What receptor is sensitive to cool or cold touching the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What receptor is sensitive to warm or hot touching the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
Have you ever experinced curious sensory illusions?
Explain why this occurs |
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Definition
| Yes, occurs when cold receptors are exposed to temperatures above 45 degrees C. The cold receptors may "fire" and give a sensation of cold while the noiciceptors give pain, similar if hot receptors are exposed to very cold temperatures. |
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Term
| In general, if thermal energy is leaving our skin, we feel_________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, if thermal energy is entering our skin, we feel______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What sensation occurs if any sensory neuron fires at a very rapid rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are nociceptors (type of cell) ? give function? |
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Definition
are specialized free nerve endings.
simple, branched, bare ends of dendrites.
detects pain, tissue damage |
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Term
| When does pain adapt? Why is it this way? |
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Definition
pain does not adapt
because pain is a warning of tissue damage. |
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Term
What is somatic pain?
Visceral pain? |
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Definition
Somatic pain is from skin, muscles, and bone joints.
Visceral pain is from the viscera (gut) |
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Term
| Pain is felt in the ___________. Why is this a problem? |
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Definition
| thalamus, problem because the thalamus cannot give precise location of pain. |
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Term
| How do we know where pain is located? |
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Definition
We must learn to associate pain with the sensation of touch.
Somatic pain usually projected back to source
Vesceral pain is poorly localized, usually projected to skin over the organ which is the source of pain or lose to the source- may be referred to another location. |
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Term
| What is referred pain? Give examples. |
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Definition
Referred pain- projected to skin that has sensory neurons at the same level of CNS
Ex: Nerves from the heart enter at SpCd at T1-T4.
Skin of left arm and neck enters SpCd at T1-T4.
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Term
| Where are the olfactory receptors located? |
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Definition
| located on the superior nasal surface |
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Term
| What determines if a substance will be smelled? |
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Definition
| the chemical must be volatile and must cause depolarization |
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Term
| How does sniffing improve smelling? |
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Definition
| sniffing carries air to olfactory cells. We are sensitive to very low concentration- PPM and PPB |
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Term
| How long does it take for olfactory receptor cells to adapt? |
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Definition
| Olfactory cells adapt 50% in 5 to 15 secs. Stays at 50% adaptation as long as odor remains in the inhaled air |
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Term
| What percent of adaptation occurs at the olfactory receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take for most smells to vanish or nearly vanish? Give mechanism for this. |
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Definition
| Complete adaptation will occur in about 60 seconds. Because the CNS ignores it. |
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Term
| About how many different smells can humans detect? |
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Definition
| we can detect about 200 chemical and about 1,000 odors. |
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Term
| Is sense of smell well developed in humans? |
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Definition
| smell is NOT well developed in humans |
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Term
| What type of odors are subconscious? Why are these important? |
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Definition
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Term
| Know where on the tongue the four primary tastes are best detected. List other tastes that humans can detect. |
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Definition
| metallic, alcohol, spices, gasoline |
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Term
| Is smell important to the sensation of taste? |
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Definition
| yes, humans must depend on smell for many taste sensations. |
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Term
| To be tasted, a chemical must be soluble in______. |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many tastes can humans detect? |
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Definition
| 4 primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty |
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Term
| Where in the brain is taste perceived? |
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Definition
| Post-central gyrus of cerebrum |
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Term
| Know the location and function of: macula, utricle, and saccula? Define macula, utricle, saccula. |
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Definition
Location and funtion?
macula: the spot
utricle: bag
saccula: sack |
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Term
| Know what happens if cilia of hair cells are bent one way? When bent the other way? |
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Definition
If bend kinocilium to the right, open Na+ ch. Increase APs, >200 APs/sec.
If bend kincilium to the left, open K+ ch. Decrease APs, <200 APs/sec. |
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Term
| If the body leans, what happens to the hair cells on the left and right sides of the body? |
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Definition
| If body leans, gravity bends the kinocilia, therefore, on right side the hair cells fire >200 APs/sec. on the left side the hair cells fire <200 APs/sec. |
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Term
| If the body leans the other way, what happens? |
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Definition
| If body leans, gravity bends the kinocilia, therefore, on right side the hair cells fire >200 APs/sec. on the left side the hair cells fire <200 APs/sec. |
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Term
| When you tilt your head, why don't you feel off-balance? Be specific. Relate angle of joints and bending of hair cells. |
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Definition
| If the head tilts but the body remains perpendicular, kinocilia bend sending APs to cerebellum. Also receptors in neck for angle of joints also "fire" sending APs to cerebellum. Cerebellum compares angle of hair cells to angle of joints in neck, if angles are equal, no correction needed. |
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Term
| Under normal conditions, the action potentials from the maculae go to _____________ and cause ___________. |
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Definition
| cerebellum, correction for balance |
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Term
| Discuss being pushed and recovery from. |
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Definition
| If one is pushed, kinocila bend. APs get sent to cerebellum, the APs are sent from cerebellum to correct for off balance. |
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Term
| Discuss the start of a race and body lean. |
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Definition
| Lean forward so gravity = acceleration |
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Term
| Discuss deceleration and body lean. |
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Definition
| lean backwards or "slide" so gravity = deceleration. |
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Term
| Discuss leaning into the wind. |
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Definition
| lean into the wind to keep balance. Pressure of wind against skin will be balanced out against gravity. |
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Term
| What happens when one spins around? why? |
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Definition
| both sides are bending out, it confuses the brain. |
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Term
| Are the hair cells in maculae very sensitive? |
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Definition
| Yes, can detect 1/2 degree change from perpendicular. |
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Term
| Discuss dynamic equilibrium, semicircular canals, ampulla, crista, cupula and hair cells. |
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Definition
3 semicirular canals on each side set in planes ~ 90 degree to others.
Filled with fluid.
Inside of each ampulla is located crista, cupula, and hair cells. |
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Term
| If you rotate your head, explain what happens to the fluid and the hair cells on the crista. How does this affect the skeletal muscles? How does this effect the eyes? |
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Definition
| if one turns there head, the fluid tends to remain stationary. Therefore cupula bend, therefore the hair cells on one side fire >200 APs/sec and the hairl cells on the other side fire< 200 APs/sec. These APs go to the parietal lobe and cause the sensation of rotation. APs also go to the cerebellum and the cerebellum sends APs to skeletal muscles to maintain body balance and muscles that control eye movement. |
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Term
| What happens to the fluid in the semicircular canals after 2 or 3 seconds? |
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Definition
| the fluid will rotate with semicircular canals. |
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Term
| What happens to the fluid when you stop rotating your head? |
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Definition
| Continues for 2-3 seconds. |
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Term
| What is a major function of this system? |
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Definition
| to maintain eye focus and equlibrum when turning |
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Term
| Be able to explain the function of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles. |
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Definition
Stapedius muscle pulls stapes outward (If sound is loud)
Tensor Tympani muscle pulls malleus inward. (This reduces background noise to improve hearing) |
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Term
| Explain the resonant point |
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Definition
| The resonant point is due to the size of the transverse fibers in the basilar membrane. Resonant point: where one vibrating object induces another object to vibration at same frequency |
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Term
| Trace the action potentials from hair cells to the temporal lobe. Name the structures. |
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Definition
Aps on the Afferent N.
APs carred to the Thalamus which relays APs to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum
which gives sensation of sound.
The point of maximum displacement will send inhibitory APs on the efferent N. to the adjacent hair cells to give sharper sounds. |
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Term
| What is the function of the primary sensory area? Whis is the function of the secondary sensory area? |
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Definition
Primary auditory area in the (temporal)
-Pitch and Rhythm
Secondary auditory area
-Speech, music, noise
-Compares with past
-Gives recognition
-stores about 1% for future reference
-then sends it to the Gnostic Area. |
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Term
| What is the function of the Gnostic Area? |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss how to handle the hearing impaired. |
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Definition
-Get attention, touch arm or shoulder
-face the person so he/she can see eyes and lips
-speak slowly
-enunciate clearly
-write out instructions, have them write out
-Be helpful, understanding. |
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Term
| know factors that increase and reduce childhood ear infections. |
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Definition
90% of children will have AOM. 20 million doc visits/yr. most common between 6mo-24mo.
Living in home with tobacco smoke increases by 50%. Oacifier increase risk as well as bottle feeding. Dont lay on back w/ bottle, being around children increase risk, day care increases risk
Breast feeding reduces ear infection. Breast feeding for at least 6mo to 12mon is better |
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Term
| Is vision our most important sense? Explain |
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Definition
| No, touch because touch is only sense fully developed at birth. |
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Term
Know that light is a wave form of energy.
Know how it relates to other forms of wave energy. |
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Definition
Wave form enery ranges from sound tob cosmic rays. As the wave length becomes shorter, the energy level increase.
radio wave
microwave cooking (12cm long)
visible light (460-780nm)
vision reguires energy to break chemical bonds (must be shorter than 1000nm)
X-rays high energy, damage DNA |
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Term
| Know the length (in nm) of visible light. |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the length (in nm) needed to break chemical bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detect black and white, used primarily for night vision |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| know function of rhodopsin: |
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Definition
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Term
| know function of bipolar cells (on and off): |
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Definition
| Transmits "signals" from rods and cones to ganglion cells. |
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Term
| Know function of horizontal cells: |
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Definition
| transmit deploarization and hyperpolarizations. Tend to inhibit adjacent bipplar cells-----> this sharpens spots and lines. |
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Term
| know function of amacrine cells: |
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Definition
| inhibit adjacent ganglion cells- sharpen visual images. |
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Term
| know function of ganglion cells: |
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Definition
| use APs to carry visual information to the thalamus. |
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Term
| Know the meaning of the term emmetropia: |
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Definition
normal eye
emme= good, normal |
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Term
| Know the meaning of the term myopia: |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the meaning of the term hypermetropia: |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the meaning of antigmatism: |
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Definition
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Term
| Know the meaning of the term persbyopia: |
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Definition
| elder eye, loss of elasticity of lens. |
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