epithelium

connective tissue

muscular tissue

are structures that transform the energy of one system (ex: heat) into a different form of energy (ex: a nerve impulse)

respond continusously to stimuli at a constant rate

Ex: are the balance receptors in the ear that keep the head upright

detect a new stimulus or a change in a stimulus that has already been applied, but over time their sensitivity decreases

Ex:  the tactile receptors of the skin that sense the increased pressure if we are pinched.`

Somatic receptors are housed ________

they include receptors for ___________

within the body wall

external stimuli, including chemicals

temperature

pain

touch

proprioception

pressure

Viseral receptors are located in ______________

they respond to ___________________

and are sometimes also called

the walls of the viserea

chemicals

temperature

pressure

interoceptors or visceroceptors

Where are the receptors for the special senses located

Where are they housed

within sense organs

only in the head

gustation (taste)

olfaction (smell)

vision

equilibrium

hearing (audition)

Exteroceptors

Interoceptors

Proprioceptors

Detect stimuli from the external environment

EX: the receptors in your skin (cutaneous receptors) are exteroceptors because external stimuli typically cause sensations to the skin.

taste of food

sound of music

detect stimuli in internal organs (viscera)

Also called visceroceptors

are located in muscles

tendons

joints

detect chemicals such as specific molecules dissolved in fluid in our external and internal environments, including ingested food and drink, body fluids, and inhaled air.

Ex:  taste buds, blood vessels

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Ex:  skin (cutaneous receptors), ear (equilibrium & hearing)

detect changes in pressure within body structures

Ex:  branch repeatly within the connective tissues in vessel or organ walls, especially the elastic layers

respond to pain caused by either external or internal stimuli

Ex:  exposure to acid, touching a hot pan, or suffering a sprained ankle

detect internal body damage within the viscera

excessive stretching of smooth muscle

oxygen deprivation of the tissue

chemicals released from damaged tissue

occurs when impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not from the organ, but in dermatomes of the skin.

Ex:  cardiac problems (heart attack) - feel pain along the medial side of the left arm

Kidney and ureter paine - felt in the inferior abdominal wall in the groin and loin regions

are the most numerous type of receptor.

They are mechanoreceptors that react to touch, pressure and vibration stimuli.

They are located in the dermis and the subscutaneous layer

free nerve endings

root hair plexuses

tactile discs

are teminal branches of dendrites

close to the surface of the skin (papillary layer)

detect pain and temperature

light touch and pressure

(Merkel discs)

are flattened nerve endings that function as tonic receptors for fine touch

located in the stratum basaled

(Pacinian corpuscles)

are large receptrs that detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.

found deep within the reticular layer of the dermis-palms of the hands, soles of the feet, breasts, external genitalia, synovial membranes of joints, wall of some organs

detect both continuous deep pressure and distortion in the skin

dermis and subcutaneous layer

(Meissner corpuscles)

phasic receptors for light touch, shapes, and texture

dermal papillae of the skin, lips, palms, eyelids, nipples, and genitals

sense of taste

(contact chemoreception - taste buds)

filiform - anterior-dorsal

fungiform - tip & sides

vallate - posterior dorsal surface

foliate - posterial lateral sides

VII -facial - anterior two thirds

IX - glossopharyngeal - posterior one third

of the tongue

remote chemoreception

because an object can be at a distance and we may still be able to sense its odor

Fibrous tunic - outermost layer

Vascular Tunic - middle layer

Retina - innermost layer

Anterior corna & Posterior sclera

refracts (bends) light rays going into the eye

Composed of the

Choroid

cliary body

Iris

supplies nutrients and oxygen to the retina

melanin pigment abosorb extraneous light that enters the eye, allowing the retina to clearly interpret the remaining light rays and form a visual image

help process and integrate visual information

as it passes between bipolar and ganglionic neurons

is a disease that exists in three forms, all characterized by increased intraocular pressure:

angle-closuer glaucomea

open-angel glaucoma

congenital of juvenile glaucoma

(old man eyes)

with age the lens becomes less resilient and less able to become spherical.  Thus, the lens does not become spherica shape needed for near vision and you cannot read small print close up without the help of reading glasses

normal vision

the parallel rays of light are focused exactly on the retina

farsighted

have problems seeing things closeup

converent rays (those that come together from distant points) can be brought to focus on the retina

nearsighted

have trouble seeing far away

rays relatively close to the eye focus on the retina

"long" eyeball

parallel light rays from objects at some distance from the eye focus anterior to the retina within the vitreous body

the external ear

protects the entry into the ear and to direct sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

extends medially and slightly superiorly from the lateral surface of the head

terminates at the tympanic membrane

a delicate, funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle ear

Vibrates when shound waves hit it

auditory ossicles ( stapes, incus, malleus)

Ear

CN VIII - Vestibuloccochlear nerve

CN VII - Facial nerve

VII - Facial

IX - Glossopharyngea

X - Vagus

IV - Trochlear

VI - Abuducens

III - Oculomotor

Extrinsic eye muslce

Superior oblique

depresses eye, turns laterally

Nerve IV (trochlear)

Extrinsic eye muscle

Lateral rectus

Turns laterally

 Nerve VI - abducens

Extrinsic eye muscle

Medial rectus

Turns medially

Nerve III - Oculomotor

Extrinsic eye muscle

Superior rectus

Elevates

Nerve III Oculomotor

Extrinsic eye muscle

Inferior rectus

Depresses eye

Nerve - III Oculomotor

Extrinsic eye muscles

Inferior oblique

Elevated eye, turns laterally

Nerve III Oculomotor

Cornea -> Aneterior segment -> Pupil -> Lens -> Posterior segment -> Neural layer of retina -> Pigmented retina

C    

A    

P    

L    

P

N

P

Inner ear

Macula Structure

Located within the walls of the saccule and utricle in the vestibular complex

Hair cells within the maculae detect both the orientation of the head when the body is stationary and linear acceleration of the head