Term
| Temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception are examples of ________ senses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vision, olfaction, gustation, hearing, and equilibrium are _________ senses |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ are temperature receptors. Typically free nerve endings, fast adapting |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are chemical receptors that respond to changes of the specific chemical they are specialized for. Free nerve endings. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanireceptors are sensitive to stimuli that distort their cell membranes. Three classes are: |
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Definition
| Baroreceptors, Proprioceptors, Tactile receptors |
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Term
| Of the mechanoreceptor class. Monitors positon of joints, contraction of muscles, amount of tension in tendons and ligaments. Encapsulated nerve endings. |
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Definition
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Term
| The olfactory organ is made up of two layers: |
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Definition
| Epithelium and Lamina Propria |
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Term
| Layer of the olfactory organ which contains receptor cells, basal cells, supporting cells, and brush cells: |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ ____________ allows us to link a sensation with memory, emotion, and behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four structures of the lacrimal apparatus (ordered pathway) |
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Definition
| Lacrimal canals, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity |
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Term
| Attaches the lens to the ciliary body: |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid on the anterior segment that provides nutrients to the lens and cornea |
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Definition
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Term
| Area of retina that lacks photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Contains muscle that controls the shape of the lens: |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutritive (vascular) layer of the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| Drains the aqueous humor of the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| layer containing rods and cones |
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Definition
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Term
| gel like substance that helps to reinforce the eyeball |
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Definition
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Term
| heavily pigmented layer that prevents light scattering within the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| Smooth muscle structures (intrinsic eye muscles) |
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Definition
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Term
| most anterior part of the sclera |
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Definition
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Term
| The two glands located in the palpebrae are: |
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Definition
| Tarsal gland, lacrimal caruncle |
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Term
| The tarsal gland and lacrimal caruncle secrete a _______ rich secretion that coats and lubricates the eyeball. |
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Definition
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Term
| Epithelium covering the inner surface of eyelid and outer surface of eyeball. Made up of two layers, palpebral and ocular |
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Definition
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Term
| This layer of the conjunctiva produces a watery secretion that coats and lubricates. |
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Definition
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Term
| Accesory structure of the eye responsible for producing tears, necessary for lubrication, and supply of O2 and nutrients to eye |
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Definition
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Term
| Group of extrinsic eye muscles that move the eye up and down, and side to side |
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Definition
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Term
| Group of extrinsic eye muscles that rotate the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| The outermost layer of the eye made up of dense, fibrous CT contains two structures: |
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Definition
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Term
| Most anterior transparent portion of the fibrous tunic, allows light passage |
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Definition
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Term
| Vascular layer of the eye also called the _____ contains blood and lymph vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| The vascular tunic of the eye contains three structures: |
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Definition
| Iris, ciliary body, choroid |
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Term
| Opening in the middle of the _____ is called the pupil |
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Definition
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Term
| Thick fold of the vascular tunic that anchors lens by ligaments called suspensory ligaments. Contains ciliary muscles which control lens shape. |
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Definition
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Term
| Main part of the vascular layer, super vascular. Contains BV and aqeuous humor |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior cavity of the eyeball is filled with this fluid: |
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Definition
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Term
| The neural tunic is the innermost layer of the eye and is also called the _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Has receptor cells for vision |
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Definition
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Term
| the retina is diveided into two parts: |
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Definition
| Neural part and pigmented part |
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Term
| Aqueous humor circulates in the anterior cavity of the eyeball and is drained by the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior and posterior chambers are divided by the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The posterior cavity is filled with _______ __________ which aids in keeping the three layers smooth and flat. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibrous disc of the eye whose function is to aim, direct, and focus light on a target so a stimulus may be processed |
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Definition
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Term
| Anterior 14 of the neural tunic is called the ______ _________. There are NO retinal neurons here. |
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Definition
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Term
| Portion of the retina which contains various retinal neurons, plus the optic disk and macula lutea |
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Definition
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Term
| small, disk shaped area on posterior wall. directly behind pupil (visual axis). target for light |
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Definition
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Term
| depression at the center of the macula luteawhich contains only one type of retinal neuron, cones: |
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Definition
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Term
| photoreceptors responsible for color and acuity |
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Definition
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Term
| photoreceptors responsible for black and white |
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Definition
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Term
| the function of this retinal layer is to absorb stray light rays |
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Definition
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Term
| layer of the retina which contains photoreceptors and retinal neurons. its function is to convert a light stimulus into a chemical one |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 5 components of the neural layer of the retina in the order that the stimulus travels: |
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Definition
| Photoreceptor layer, outer synaptic layer, bipolar cell layer, inner synaptic layer, ganglion cell layer |
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Term
| the axons of these cells form the optic nerve: |
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Definition
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Term
| Found in the outer segment of a photreceptor, responsible for a wavelength of light: |
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Definition
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Term
| each photopigment contains a glycoprotein, called ________ and a derivative of vitamin A, called ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Retinal exists in two forms. Cis, which is _______ and trans which is _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the darks, retinal is _______. (Cis retinal) |
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Definition
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Term
| In the light, retinal is ________. (trans retinal) |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, there is a Na+ channel that is open. the bent (cis) retinal leaves it open. this causes a flow of Na+ called the ______ __________, which causes the release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which then inhibits the bipolar cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| When light strikes the retinal molecule and causes it to straighten out (trans), this closes the Na+ channel, turning off the dark current, and stopping the release of the ____________ neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| the axons of the excited ganglion cells converge into the _____ _______ which travels to the optic chiasm in the diencephalon. |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of hormones that are derivatives of amino acids. Examples are tyrosine and tryptophan. water soluble. |
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Definition
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Term
| group of hormones that are polymers of amino acids (amino acids bunched together)start out as prohormones that are activated as needed. water soluble |
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Definition
| peptide hormones, 2 classes are glycoprotein and polypeptide |
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Term
| group of hormones made up of carbon rings, fatty acids, and cholesterol. not water soluble. |
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Definition
| lipid hormones, 2 groups are eicosanoid and steroid |
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Term
| the cell membrane is a lipid bi layer (T/F) |
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Definition
| true, lipid hormones may enter the cell freely and so they are the fastest acting hormones |
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Term
| H2O soluble hormones first bind to a receptor on target cell. The receptor is activated and "talks" to another protein in the cell membrane. This protein is called _________. The protein then carries the message to another membrane protein, the second messenger who can travel inside the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single first messenger can activate many second messengers. This is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| A multiple second messenger can now activate tons of intracellular targets. This is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also called the _____________ and is made up of glandular epithelial cells that produce, store, and secrete hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| there are three sections of the adenohypophysis, the _________ (wraps around infundibulum, does not make/secrete any hormones). The _______ (endocrine part). The ________ (only active in children and during puberty). |
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Definition
| Pars tuberalis, pars distalis, pars intermedia |
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Term
| the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also called the ______________ and is a down growth of the brain. It is made up of _______ and _______ ________ of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus.(creates a transport route for hormones made in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior lobe. |
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Definition
| neurohypophysis, axons, axon terminals |
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Term
| (T/F) Hypophysis means adrenal gland |
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Definition
| false, hypophysis means pituitary |
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Term
| The secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis is controlled by the ________ via the _______ _______ ________ (a capillary network). |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, hypophyseal portal system |
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Term
| The bulk of the adenohypophysis is the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the hypothalamus secretes two regulatory hormones: _______ ________, and _______ _______ |
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Definition
| regulating hormone, inhibitory hormone |
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Term
| hypothalamic neurons secrete regulatory hormone into the interstitial fluid surrounding the _______ _______ (beginning of infundibulum). the capillary network surrounding it is made up of _______ capillaries, which allow substances to enter and leave freely. regulatory hormones travel via this capillary network to the _______ and target the endocrine cells. |
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Definition
| median eminence, fenestrated, adenohypophysis |
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Term
| Of the anterior pituitary lobe, 6 hormones are secreted by the _______ _______, and one hormone is secreted by the _______ _______. |
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Definition
| pars distalis, pars intermedia |
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Term
| Thyrotropin (TSH) targets the _______ _______ and stimulates the release of _______ hormones. The hypothalamic releasing hormone is _______. |
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Definition
| thyroid gland, thyroid, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) targets the _______ _______ and stimulates release of hormones from the _______ _______. the hypothalamic releasing hormone is _______. |
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Definition
| corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) |
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) targets the _______, and stimulates development of _______ and _______. hypothalamic releasing hormone is _______. |
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Definition
| gonads, ova, sperm, gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Term
| luteinizing hormone (LH) targets the ________, and stimulates secretion of _______ _______. hypothalamic releasing hormone is _______. |
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Definition
| gonads, sex hormones [specifically ovulation, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone], gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Term
| prolactin (PRL) targets the _______ _______ and _______ and stimulates milk production in females and testosterone production in males. PRL is the least vital hormone. hypothalamic releasing hormone is _______. |
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Definition
| mammary glands, testes, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) |
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Term
| growth hormone (GH) aka somatotropin targets _______ _______ and directs cellular activity to control _______ and _______ of the body. hypothalamic releasing hormone is _______. |
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Definition
| body cells, growth, development, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) |
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Term
| the pars intermedia secretes _______ _______ ________ which targets _______. hypothalamic releasing hormone is _______. |
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Definition
| melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH),melanocytes, melanocyte releasing hormone (MRH) |
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Term
| (T/F) the neurohypophysis does not make hormones. it only stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| two groups of neurons in the hypothalamus produce hormones. the _______ nuclei produce anti diuretic hormone (ADH), which targets the _______, and causes increased water reabsorption. the _______ nuclei produce oxytocin (OXT), which targets smooth muscle tissue of the _______ and _______ in females and the _______ and ________ gland in males. OXT triggers contraction of smooth muscle. |
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Definition
| supraoptic nuclei, kidneys, paraventricular, uterus, vagina, spermatic duct (vas deferns), prostate |
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Term
| the posterior pituitary lobe stores and secretes hormones (ADH and OXT)made in the hypothalamus by the _______ nuclei and the _______ nuclei. |
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Definition
| supraoptic, paraventricular |
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Term
| gland located on anterior surface of trachea, inferior to thyroid cartilage: |
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Definition
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Term
| the thyroid gland contains two lobes, connected by a slender _______. each lobe contains large numbers of _______ _______ (a hollow sphere lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called _______ cells). |
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Definition
| isthmus, thyroid follicle, follicle |
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Term
| follicle cells of the thyroid secrete a thick, syrupy fluid into the follicle cavity, called _______. this fluid contains many proteins, the main one being _______, the "base" for two of the three thyroid hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two thyroid hormones that are made in the colloid: _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine aka thyroxine (T4) |
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Term
| (T3/T4) is the active form that targets all body cells and directs cellular activity. (T3/T4) is the prohormone, which is inactive because of one extra iodine atom. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Calcitonin (CT) is a thyroid hormone made and secreted by _______ _______ that targets _______ cells and _______ cells. CT _______ osteoclast activity and Ca++ reabsorption in the kidneys, resulting in _______ blood calcium levels. |
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Definition
| para-follicular cells (C-cells), bone, kidney, decreases, decreased |
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Term
| gland located on the posterior surface of the thyroid, a pair embedded in each lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| the parathyroid gland has no large follicles and is very dense due to tons of cells. there are two cell types. the _______ cells are the most abundant. they make and secrete _______ which targets bone cells and kidney cells and causes _______ osteoclast activity and calcium reabsorption causing blood calcium levels to _______. the second cell type, _______ cells have an unknown function and are slightly larger. |
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Definition
| chief, parathyroid hormone (PTH), increased, increase, oxyphilic |
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Term
| the adrenal gland has two components, the adrenal _______, which is the outer layer containing 3 zones(glomerulus, fasciculate, reticularis), and the adrenal _______, which is the central region. |
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Definition
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Term
| the adrenal cortex produces 24 hormones, which get lumped together as _______, also called _______, which are important metabolic hormones. adrenal cortex contains three zones: _______, ________, and _______. |
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Definition
| corticosteroids, adrenocorticosteroids, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, zona reticularis |
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Term
| Zona _______ is the most superficial of the adrenal cortex. It produces _______, which are hormones that regulate the amount of minerals in the body. |
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Definition
| glomerulosa, mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) |
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Term
| Zona _______ is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex. it contains lots of fibers and produces _______, which regulate glucose metabolism. |
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Definition
| fasciculate, glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) |
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Term
| zona _______ is the deepest zone of the adrenal cortex. it produces _______, which are a precursor for estrogen and testosterone. |
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Definition
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Term
| the adrenal medulla produces two hormones, ________ and _______, which target all body cells. |
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Definition
| Epinephrine (E), Norepinephrine (NE) |
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Term
| gland that hangs from the epithalamus in the midbrain: |
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Definition
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Term
| the pineal gland contains _______, which produce and secrete _______, which targets all body cells and functions to depress the body's circadian rhythm. In the brain, it acts as an antioxidant. in the gonads, it delays gamete maturation causing a low sperm count. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the pancreas is made up of two groups of cells. pancreatic _______ are the cells that have an endocrine function. pancreatic _______ are the bulk of the cells which have and exocrine function. |
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Definition
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Term
| each pancreatic islet contains four types of endocrine cells. only know two: _______ cells produce _______, which targets the liver and tells it to take up glucose and store it as _______, decreasing blood glucose levels. _______ cells produce _______, which targets the liver for secretion of glycogen, increasing blood glucose levels. |
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Definition
| beta, insulin, glycogen, alpha, glucagon |
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Term
| Endocrine tissues in the _________ secrete hormones which regulate _______ activity. Hormones include gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine tissues in the _______ secrete calcitriol, which works with PTH to _______ blood calcium levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine tissues in the _______ secrete _______, which reduces water reabsorption at the kidneys and increases urine production. |
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Definition
| heart, atrial natriuretic hormone/peptide (ANH/ANP) |
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Term
| endocrine tissues in the _______ are only active prenatally and in newborns. they produce _______, which is critical for development of the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| endocrine tissues in fat produce _______, which travels via the bloodstream and targets the _______ center. |
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Definition
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Term
| interstitial cells within the testes secrete _______, which stimulates _______ production. |
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Definition
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Term
| ovaries are responsible for the production of _______. follicular cells secrete _______, which preps the endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum. the corpus luteum secretes _______, which maintains the endometrium during pregnancy. |
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Definition
| ova, estrogen, progesterone |
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Term
| which hormone is produced by the pineal gland in the dark? |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones made in the colloid of a thyroid follicle: _______ and _______. they work together to regulate oxygen utilization and metabolic rate of the cells. |
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Definition
| triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) |
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