transduction

process which we can convert enviro energies

into action potential and N.T. releases them

5 senses

Vision

Audition (hearing)

Gustation (tasting)

Olfaction (smell)

Somatosensation (touch)

Trichromatic Theory

color vision theory the cells receptive to 3 colors

-have Blue, Red, Green sensors

Opponent-Process Theory

Color Vision Theory

-cells receptive to 2 complementary colors

What nerve cells are capable of

performing transduction?

cranial/spinal nerves

(pick up sensory information and bring it to CNS)

these are UNDIFFERENTIATED signals

Receptor Organ

responsible for focusing environmental energies

onto our sensory system

Cornea

transparent covering of the eye

Iris

-colored region

-muscle that controls amount of light that enters

pupil

hole left by the iris to let light in

larger pupil smaller the iris and vice versa

Lens

-located behind pupil

used to focus light

-muscle holds the lens in position to let light in

cataract

milky covering of the lens

(disease-glocoma)

Retina

back of eye 

visual receptors (photoreceptors) found here

Forea

spot of greates visual acuity (see in most detail)

-middle/center where cones located

aqueous humor

"water-like" fluid btwn the cornea and iris

vitreous humor

thicker fluid ("blood like") found btwn lens and retina

-gives eye its shape

RODS

-able to see in dim light

-black and which

-120 million

-periphery of retina

-more sensitive (but lack aquity)

-lower threshold

tepetum

shiny memebrane back of cat/dogs eye allow

them to have better night vision

(cats/dogs only have rods)

Cones

-high aquity

-color

-center of retina (fovea)

-6-7 million

Ganglia

consists of bipolar and ganglion cells

one ganglion to two bipolar to 3 rods 

(rods sensitive vc signals on each get summed up as they move to other cells- summation)

one ganglion to one bipolar to one cone (1:1)

(high acuity)

Visual pathway from eye to primary 

visual cortex

optic nerve :(bundle axons split to form -->)

optic chiasm: (axons plit and cross over; Chi (X) cross at this                  

                     point; nasal portion goes to opposite side R to L

                     and L to R; temporal portion goes straight back

                     (stay on same side))

optic tract : relay station

thalamus (LGN-relay continued)

primary visual cortex (occupital lobe) : here it can spread out

Outter Ear

(1) pinna: focus and funnel sound into 

auditory canal

(2) auditory canal: funnel sound to middle ear

Middle Ear

(1) tympanic membrane: eardrum

(2) ossicles: hammer stirrup anvil

Inner Ear

Cochlea

-stirrup hits this and straightens it out

-->hair cells pic up auditory infor

Receptors in the auditory system

hair cells

Glaucoma

When aqueous humor cant flow bc blocked chambers

-gets tight

Sclera

White part of the eye

What typ eof neurons exist on the retina?

Bipolar and gangion cells

-ganglion cells come together to form the optic nerve

optic nerve's axon leave eye and travle towards the brain

Travel of sound waves

sound wave bounce off eardrum then transmit sound to bones

hammer hits anvil hits stirrup  then goes to cochlea

cochlea uncurls

hair cells pick up sound waves and preform transduction